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Methods for Casting Airways
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
The best general-purpose corrosive is a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide. The sodium salt may form hard soaps with fatty tissue, so if this is a problem the potassium salt can be used. A 3M solution (120g/L of sodium hydroxide or 168 g/L of potassium hydroxide) is usually adequate, though weaker (1 M) and stronger (6 M) solutions can be used. Small lungs are macerated in a day or 2 while larger lungs may take a week or 2. It may help to remove the lungs after a day or 2 and wash them gently with a jet of water to remove partially digested tissues, and then replace them in the macerating solution for a further period. Small lungs can be handled fairly easily, but larger ones, such as human lungs, may distort on lifting with consequent breaking of the cast. Tompsett (1970) recommends the use of a Plexiglás tray in the shape of the posterior thoracic wall to support them during lifting, moving, or washing. When maceration is complete, the cast should be thoroughly washed in water, and may be rinsed in a dilute acid to remove any traces of alkali. Great care should be taken when using any of these corrosive agents. Avoid splashing, and wear goggles, gloves, and aprons. Any material that accidently gets on to the skin or clothing, or in the eyes, must be rinsed off immediately with copious cold water.
Sodium Intake and Hypertension
Published in Austin E. Doyle, Frederick A. O. Mendelsohn, Trefor O. Morgan, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Aspects of Hypertension, 2020
T. O. Morgan, F. A. O. Mendelsohn, A. E. Doyle
Symptomatic hypokalemia is an infrequent finding in patients treated for hypertension.122 Hypokalemia occurs commonly if the patient is given large doses of a long-acting diuretic, but also occurs with large doses of short-acting diuretic. Another circumstance in which hypokalemia develops is in the presence of excessive circulating aldosterone.143 Diuretics, other than those acting at the distal tubule, reduce serum potassium, but usually no change can be detected in the total body potassium level, and the disproportionately greater fall in serum potassium is due to a movement of potassium into the cells produced by the accompanying alkalosis.122 The serum and total body potassium is lowest after 5 or 6 weeks treatment, and then increases towards normal.144,145 In hypertensive patients, hypokalemia is uncommon, but individual patients develop hypokalemia146,147 which needs to be detected and treated. Potassium-sparing diuretics reduce potassium loss, correct the alkalosis, and elevate serum K+ back to the normal range more readily than potassium supplements.122 If potassium supplements are used, they must have equal amounts of potassium and chloride ions. If an alkaline potassium salt is used, this worsens the alkalosis, causes extra potassium loss, and worsens the hypokalemia.143
Low magnesium plays a central role in high blood pressure
Published in Kupetsky A. Erine, Magnesium, 2019
If dietary changes are unrealistic for a patient or do not provide the desired result, physicians can add salt supplements to a patient’s diet. If the dietary assessment or Mg questionnaire result shows a risk of low Mg status, or serum Mg is below 0.85 mmol/L, a Mg-containing salt (e.g., Cardia Salt by Nutrition 21, available on Amazon.com) in place of usual salt is recommended. Patients displaying a low risk for Mg deficiency who still experience hypertension may benefit from potassium salt substitutes with the goal of 4700 mg potassium/day from all sources. LiteSalt (from Morton Salt) contains half potassium and half sodium chloride and is a good option for patients who enjoy cooking, as it lends itself well to use in daily meals. This product contains about 340 mg potassium per 1/4 teaspoon. If a patient does not tend to cook his or her own meals, products such as Morton Salt Substitute or NoSalt could be considered. These products contain potassium chloride without sodium. (Of note, if the patient’s Mg is low, products with just potassium will not be able to normalize high blood pressure.) NoSalt and Morton Salt Substitute contain approximately 680 mg potassium per 1/4 teaspoon.
PEGylated pH-responsive peptide-mRNA nano self-assemblies enhance the pulmonary delivery efficiency and safety of aerosolized mRNA
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Yingying Xu, Yijing Zheng, Xuqiu Ding, Chengyan Wang, Bin Hua, Shilian Hong, Xiaoman Huang, Jiali Lin, Peng Zhang, Wei Chen
All peptides in this study (Table 1) were purchased from ChinaPeptides (Shanghai, China). CleanCap® firefly luciferase mRNA, EGFP mRNA, and cyanine-5 EGFP mRNA were purchased from TriLink Bio Technologies (San Diego, CA, USA). LipofectamineTM 2000 transfection reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, USA). Luciferin potassium salt was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA, penicillin/streptomycin antibiotics, and PBS (pH 7.2–7.4) were purchased from Genview (Florida, USA). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS, South America origin) and Opti-MEM I reduced serum medium were purchased from Gibco (New York, USA). DNA Gel Loading Dye (6 ×) was purchased from Biosharp (Anhui, China). GelRed nucleic acid stain was purchased from US Everbright (California, USA). 1 × Tris-acetate EDTA (TAE) buffer was diluted from 50 × TAE buffer (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) using distilled water. A549 and HepG2 cells were purchased from China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC, Shanghai, China). Other reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) of analytical grade or better grade.
1,3,4-Oxadiazole-naphthalene hybrids as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors: design, synthesis, antiproliferative activity, apoptotic effect, and in silico studies
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mohamed Hagras, Marwa A. Saleh, Rogy R. Ezz Eldin, Abdelrahman A. Abuelkhir, Emad Gamil Khidr, Ahmed A. El-Husseiny, Hesham A. El-Mahdy, Eslam B. Elkaeed, Ibrahim H. Eissa
The synthesis of the key starting material 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl scaffold 4 was achieved by the reaction of acid hydrazide 3 with carbon disulphide in an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Different chloroacetinilides were obtained by the treatment of aromatic amines with chloroacetyl chloride47. The potassium salt of 4 was allowed to react with the substituted chloroacetinilides. Unfortunately, the required products couldn't be separated from the reaction mixture with the desirable purity. The presence of more than one product for each reaction was attributed to the high reactivity and/or basicity of the potassium salt. Alternatively, a less basic condition was adopted and the mercapto-containing structure 4 was directly allowed to react with chloroacetinilides in the presence of sodium acetate. This alternative route successfully afforded the final products in satisfying yields and reasonable purities.
Diclofenac diethylamine nanosystems-loaded bigels for topical delivery: development, rheological characterization, and release studies
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Rania Hamed, Nouf N. Mahmoud, Sabreen Hassan Alnadi, Ahlam Zaid Alkilani, Ghaid Hussein
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac, is widely used as a pain killer in rheumatoid arthritis due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Diclofenac is available in different salt forms (sodium, potassium, and diethylamine) [12]. The sodium and diethylamine salts are commonly used in topical administration [13], whereas the potassium salt is most frequently used in oral administration [12,14]. The diclofenac sodium is commonly used in gel preparations, while diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) is generally used in emulgels (a combination of gel and emulsion [13,15]). DDEA was used in this study as it has been shown that the amount of DDEA that permeated across the human skin from aqueous and oleic acid solutions was twofold–fourfold greater when compared with that of other diclofenac salts [16]. This is because DDEA exists as unionized ion-pair that can readily penetrate through the lipid domain of the stratum corneum due to the hydrophobic nature of DDEA. After permeation through the lipid phase, the ion-pair of DDEA can dissociate and diffuse through the aqueous viable epidermis [16].