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Nutritional Composition of the Main Edible Algae
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
Porphyran is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from selected (red) algae of the Order Bangiales, Phylum Rhodophyta, especially from the genus Porphyra/Pyropia (Villarroel and Zanlungo 1980, Bhatia et al. 2008). The chemical structure of porphyran comprises of a linear backbone of alternating 3-linked ß-D-galactose and 4-linked a-L-galactose-6-sulfate or 3,6-anhydro-a-L-galactose units (Fig. 2.3) (Zhang et al. 2005).
Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
The types of polysaccharides with hypolipidemic activity extracted from seaweed are fucoidan, SPs and ulvans (Table 4.6). The use of fucoidan can reduce the levels of serum TC, TG and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol). while it is found that the level of serum HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is increased in Kunming mice (Chen et al., 2017). Fucoidan (KF), derived from the first cultivated Kjellmaniella crassifolia in Dalian, China, is 71.68% carbohydrate and 20.04% sulfate. The monosaccharide of KF is mainly composed of fucose (31.89%) and galactose (23.54%), and sulfate is bound at the equatorial C-4 position and the axial C-2/3 position of fucpyranose. KF can significantly improve hyperlipidemia and antioxidant stress in animals, and the effect of KF is time and dose-dependent. The molecular mechanism of KF is to regulate hyperlipidemia by inhibiting cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis and accelerating mitochondrial β -oxidation or peroxisome oxidative degradation of fatty acids in vivo (Peng et al., 2018). Porphyran is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Pyropia, a marine red alga. At 28 days after administration, porphyran reduced TG, TC and the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C. Porphyron at the dose of 200 mg kg-1d-1 can significantly reduce the percentage of weight gain (BWG) and serum lipid in mice, similar to Zhibituo (Cao et al., 2016). Two types of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) purified from Monostroma nitidum (MF1 and MF2) significantly reduced cellular lipid concentrations. The decrease of cell lipid concentrations is accompanied by the decrease of cholesterol synthesis gene expressions, and induces cholesterol degradation, LDL uptake and peroxisome β-oxidative gene expression (Hoang et al., 2015). The Acetylated derivatives of ulvans from U. pertusa showed higher anti-hyperlipidemic activity than natural ulvans, especially in reducing TG and LDL-C levels (Yu et al., 2017).
Next-generation prebiotic promotes selective growth of bifidobacteria, suppressing Clostridioides difficile
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Rika Hirano, Mikiyasu Sakanaka, Kazuto Yoshimi, Naohisa Sugimoto, Syogo Eguchi, Yuko Yamauchi, Misaki Nara, Shingo Maeda, Yuta Ami, Aina Gotoh, Takane Katayama, Noriho Iida, Tamotsu Kato, Hiroshi Ohno, Satoru Fukiya, Atsushi Yokota, Mamoru Nishimoto, Motomitsu Kitaoka, Hiroyuki Nakai, Shin Kurihara
This study showed that some existing prebiotics promote the growth of opportunistic bacteria as well as beneficial bacteria in vitro, suggesting that some specific prebiotics promote the growth of opportunistic bacteria of unknown function in the human intestinal lumen. These opportunistic bacteria, which are predominant in the human intestinal lumen,3 previously were not considered harmful to human health. However, it has been suggested recently that some opportunistic bacteria may adversely affect health.7,8,26 In the present study, we screened various β-galactosides to develop a next-generation prebiotic that specifically supports the growth of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria without boosting the growth of opportunistic or pathogenic bacteria present in the intestinal lumen. Gal-β1,4-Rha was successfully identified using our developed high-throughput culturing system.15 Reportedly, the abundance of Bacteroides ovatus was successfully controlled by calibrating the amount of administered porphyran, a non-digestible polysaccharide, using gnotobiotic mice.27 Therefore, by tailoring the dosage, Gal-β1,4-Rha could potentially revolutionize prebiotic therapy by the desired increase in numbers of the target beneficial bacteria.
Bifidobacterium catabolism of human milk oligosaccharides overrides endogenous competitive exclusion driving colonization and protection
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Britta E. Heiss, Amy M. Ehrlich, Maria X. Maldonado-Gomez, Diana H. Taft, Jules A. Larke, Michael L. Goodson, Carolyn M. Slupsky, Daniel J. Tancredi, Helen E. Raybould, David A. Mills
Numerous clinical trials of probiotic administration have failed to show significant impact on the host microbiota partly because engraftment of a supplemented microbe into a stable microbial community has proven challenging.20,35 One strategy for enriching probiotics in situ is to provide a unique substrate preferentially catabolized by the supplemented bacteria.1 Such synbiotic pairings have been shown to elevate the microbe’s abundance in the gut during simultaneous administration, however, detection of the microbe post-bacterial gavage (i.e. beyond supplementation) is not typically measured.36,37 Bacterial persistence was demonstrated with Bacteroides strains engrafting in mice microbiota dependent upon the presence of porphyran as a substrate for the supplemented strains.7,8 Similarly, in breast-fed infants high Bifidobacterium levels are associated with the ability to catabolize HMOs.23 In preterm infants supplemented with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, only Bifidobacterium robustly persisted and was correlated to milk metabolism.38 Frese et al.39 showed dramatic and persistent colonization of an HMO-catabolizing strain of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis in supplemented breast-fed infants. This is in concordance with the findings presented here that, in the absence of other human milk factors, the milk glycan 2ʹFL is sufficient to enable persistence and enrich populations of cognate Bifidobacterium while competing with endogenous bacterial groups.
The promising potentials of capped gold nanoparticles for drug delivery systems
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Kamyar Khoshnevisan, Maryam Daneshpour, Mohammad Barkhi, Morteza Gholami, Hadi Samadian, Hassan Maleki
In another research, porphyran was employed as a capping and a reducing agent, and DOX was conjugated to GNPs via hydrogen bonding. The results showed that the release of DOX from the conjugated-GNPs in acetate buffer (pH 4.5) was six-fold higher than physiological buffer (pH 7.4). Moreover, the DOX conjugated GNPs proved the higher cytotoxicity of LN-229 cell line. It was also found that since these C-GNPs have a high capability for cancer treatment [65], they can be considered as a potential candidate for drug delivery in cancer therapy.