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Pharmacology of Opioids
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2021
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
Morphine, codeine, and thebaine for commercial pharmaceutical use are still obtained from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. The amount of each alkaloid in the poppy depends on the variety, with poppy cultivars high in concentrations of thebaine now common. The more modern method of production harvests the dried poppy and extracts these alkaloids from the poppy straw.
Opiates
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
The Swiss National Cohort Study (Uchtenhagen et al. 1999: 20) found that when users were offered unlimited quantities of diacetylmorphine, they would, on average, use between 300 and 500 mg of diacetylmorphine per day. The mean daily dose of heroin intravenously (when used alone, without methadone on the side) was 491.7 mg. Traditionally heroin is sold as crystalline or powder but there have been reports of “ready-to-use” heroin sold in preloaded syringes and homemade drugs in solution. The injected opiates are purchased in liquid form (“shirka”) and the preloaded syringes containing “Khanka” (an opiate produced from poppy straw) and “Vint” (a stimulant-ephedrine and methamphetamine) (Bobkov et al. 2005; Gyarmathy et al. 2010). Heroin users should be made aware of the relative and inherent risks associated with this type of drug use and the potential health effects that may arise from adulteration, bacterial and blood-borne infections (sharing equipments).
Pharmacology of opioids
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2014
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
Morphine, codeine, and thebaine for commercial pharmaceutical use are still obtained from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. The amount of each alkaloid in the poppy depends on the variety, with poppy cultivars high in concentrations of thebaine now common. The more modern method of production harvests the dried poppy and extracts these alkaloids from the poppy straw.
Opioid exposure associated with poppy consumption reported to poison control centers and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Eva Greenthal, Peter Lurie, Suzanne Doyon
The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, naturally produces opiate alkaloids including morphine, codeine, and thebaine [1]. For this reason, Papaver somniferum cannot be legally cultivated in the United States. Its seeds may be imported as food or craft products, as they are not expected to contain opiate alkaloids, but the other parts of the plant (referred to as “poppy straw”) and its sap (referred to as poppy “latex”) are considered controlled substances under Schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act because of their opiate content [2]. Poppy seeds can only be cultivated in select countries, and Turkey, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, China, and Slovakia were the top exporters in 2018 [3].
Induced mutation breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits and varietal development in medicinal and aromatic crops at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow (India): past and recent accomplishment
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Raj K. Lal, Chandan S. Chanotiya, Pankhuri Gupta
Notwithstanding the above successes, a few questions, however, remain unanswered which need to be addressed to understand the impact of mutagenesis in proper perspective:Sometimes open-pollinated progenies of Ub mutant threw out hyper-vigorous but normal plants giving the semblance of polyploids. But they were not polyploids as revealed by chromosome counts. They did not arise from heterotic combination either (Sharma and Singh 1983; Lal et al. 2015; Lal, Chanotiya, et al. 2018; Lal, Pankhuri, et al. 2018; Lal, Pankhuri, et al. 2020; Lal, Maury, 2020). What is their genesis?Similarly, Ub progenies segregated for restricted branching (Rb) plants – similar to Ub except with 3–4 upper branches. Earlier, the Rb state was considered to be a transient phase (Sharma and Singh 1983). But later on, they could be maintained by selfing, when they began throwing Ub plants in their progenies. How does it happen?In opium poppy, it is considered that without opium, there cannot be alkaloid biosynthesis as is exemplified by the variety Sujata (Lal, Sharma, Misra, 1999). Could it be possible to initiate alkaloid-biosynthesis in poppy-straw (capsule hull), independent of the opium-biosynthesis?Are the open-pollinated seeds equally suitable objects as pure-breeding ones for mutagen treatment? This study affirms this. But many geneticists often emphasize to use only homozygous/pure-breeding seeds for mutagenic treatments.