China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Urogenital and reproductive system
Published in David Sales, Medical IELTS, 2020
In terms of homosexual sexual practice, drugs such as amyl nitrite (poppers) are occasionally used by some gay men to relax the anal sphincter and anal intercourse may be penetrative or receptive.
Novel psychoactive substances and inhalants
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Inhalant use is among the most prevalent, pernicious, and poorly understood forms of adolescent drug use (Lubman et al., 2006), and inhalants are the only class of substances abused more by younger than older teenagers (NIDA Drug facts). Nonetheless, their abuse is not limited to early adolescence and is not just a transitory behaviour among adolescents (Neumark et al., 1998). Medical anaesthetics, such as the antiquated diethyl ether and chloroform and the dental anaesthetic nitrous oxide (‘laughing gas’), can also be inhaled and abused, especially by medical and dental personnel. The latter is also available in whipped cream aerosol containers (‘whippets’) and is particularly abused by older adolescents. A particular chemical class, the alkyl nitrites that are mainly sold in small bottles or glass capsules (‘poppers’) are also inhaled for recreational purposes, especially as sexual enhancers among the adult gay population. They have been associated with HIV transmission among gay men and remain a candidate co-factor in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma (Haverkos et al., 1994; Fung and Tran, 2006). Both poppers and whippets have also been part of the club and rave cultures since the 1970s (Alcohol Concern and DrugScope, 2007).
Anabolic steroids, amyl and butyl nitrite, hypno-sedatives, volatile substances, over-the-counter drugs, smart and eco drugs
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
In many countries, poppers are sold in nightclubs, bars, sex shops, drug paraphernalia head shops, over the Internet and in markets. These substances are sold as odorisers or DVD or leather cleaner. In the European Union, reformulated poppers containing isopropyl nitrite are sold but isobutyl nitrite is prohibited. In countries like Canada and the US, the sale of poppers (alkyl nitrites) in any formulation has been banned. However, substances containing alkyl nitrites other than amyl nitrite are available at many sex shops and stores.
‘Poppers Maculopathy’ and the adverse ophthalmic outcomes from the recreational use of alkyl nitrate inhalants: a systematic review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Caleb Bartolo, Konstandina Koklanis, Meri Vukicevic
Common side effects of poppers include syncope, increased heart rate, headache, hypotension, chemical burns from topical exposure, transient blurred vision and visual disturbances with adverse effects ranging from mild allergic reaction to life-threatening methemoglobinemia.1,9,12 More recently, maculopathy has also been associated with the use of poppers. In 2004, Pece et al.13,14 described the first report of poppers-related maculopathy with an increase in reported cases soon following. Whilst the prevalence of poppers maculopathy remains unknown, several factors have been hypothesised to explain the increase of cases reported in the literature. This includes a surge in usage, accessibility to stronger doses, legislative changes which have allowed for compound replacements, increased awareness of poppers maculopathy within the ophthalmic community and technology advancements supporting improved detection.10,15 Although the pathophysiology of poppers maculopathy remains unknown, it is hypothesised to be associated with NO intake.15–17 Physiological doses of NO regulate basal tone in retinal circulation and photoreceptor function and metabolism through the activation of the key enzyme in phototransduction, guanylate cyclase.17,18 High doses of NO may therefore cause excessive activation of cone photoreceptors and decrease the threshold of photoreceptor light toxicity.16,18–20
Use of “Poppers” among Adults in the United States, 2015-2017
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2020
Austin Le, Andrew Yockey, Joseph J. Palamar
Participants were asked about lifetime use of various drugs. In these analyses, we considered self-reported use of poppers, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA, Molly), cocaine, LSD, and methamphetamine. Use of poppers was defined as the use of “amyl nitrite, ‘poppers’, locker room odorizers, or ‘rush’ for kicks or to get high”. Misuse of prescription tranquilizers (e.g., benzodiazepines) and pain-relievers (prescription opioids) was also queried. Misuse was defined as “using without one’s own prescription; using in greater amounts, more often, or for longer than directed”, or “use in any way not directed by a doctor”. Participants were shown images of various pills to aid in their recall. As only lifetime use of poppers was queried, we focused on the lifetime use of each drug.
“Popper” induced methemoglobinemia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Fares Elgendy, Gaspar Del Rio-Pertuz, Dalena Nguyen, Drew Payne
Poppers are inhalants with an underestimated potential for abuse, commonly used for sexual experience enhancement. They are typically sold and marketed as air fresheners, leather cleaners, nail polish removers, liquid incense, and deodorizers.1 These products contain a chemical substance known as amyl nitrite, which is well documented to jeopardize health by causing methemoglobinemia.2 As these agents are readily absorbed through any body surface, their toxic effects can appear within 30 seconds of use.3 The effects can range from headache, dizziness, weakness, and confusion to life-threatening neurotoxicity, profound hypoxemia leading to respiratory depression, coma, shock, and seizures.4,5