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Polymers as Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Polyquaternium 2 [MIRAPOL A-I 5, Rhone Poulenc (31)] is defined as poly[N-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] N'-[3-(ethyleneoxyethylene dimethylamino) propyl] urea dichloride) (Figure 4). In common with all cationic polymers, polyquaternium 2 may be used in products primarily designed for hair conditioning, such as creme rinses, or in conditioning shampoos. In either case, long-chain anion-active surfactants should be present for complex formation.
Cleansing of Hair
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
These cationic polymers, which have quaternized nitrogen attached to the backbone of the polymer, are sometimes used as conditioning agents in shampoos. Being cationic, these polymers are also substantive to hair and are able to impart certain desirable attributes (130). One unique aspect of some of these polymers is that they can form complexes with anionic surfactants (131,190) and can be deposited onto hair on dilution with rinsing water. Such complexes are found to be effective in making the hair soft and easy to comb. One drawback of cationic polymers, however, is that they are not effective to prevent development of static buildup and hair flyaway. The most commonly used quaternized polymers are polyquaternium-10 (Polymer JR), polyquaternium-7 (Merquat 550), and polyquaternium-11 (Gafquat 734 and Gafquat 755), which can be represented by the following structures: Polyquaternium-10: Polyquaternium-7: Polyquaternium-11:
Polysaccharide-Based Polymers in Cosmetics
Published in E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber, Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, 1999
E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber
It has been demonstrated that surfactants are attracted to the hydrophobic sites of at levels well below the surfactants’ The concentration of surfactant at which these molecules begin to associate at HEC hydrophobes is the critical aggregation concentration (cac). When the surfactant concentration is low, it is content to reside near the hydrophobic sites of the polysaccharide. Increasing the surfactant concentration toward the is accompanied by increasing viscosity, the result of stronger interpolysaccharide cross-linking stabilized by the surfactant . When the cme is reached, polysaccharide hydrophobes intimately incorporate into surfactant micelles to produce a highly crosslinked network (Fig. 44). The viscosity normally peaks at the surfactant . Increased viscosity results from phase separation of the polymer/surfactant complex, and usually manifests itself by increased haziness of the solution. As more surfactant is added and the micelle density increases, each hydrophobe eventually acquires its own micelle, crosslinking diminishes, and the viscosity drops. Frequently, the HM-HEC/surfactant complex disrupts, and the solution becomes homogeneous again. At even higher surfactant levels, the effects of the surfactant overshadow the polysaccharide contribution and viscosity is determined by the surfactant’s micellar morphology. Polyquaternium-24
Relieving the symptoms of dry eye disease: update on lubricating eye drops containing hydroxypropyl-guar
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Renee Garofalo, Carolina Kunnen, Rekha Rangarajan, Venkiteshwar Manoj, Howard Ketelson
In addition to HPG, the Systane family of lubricant eye drops share a unique antimicrobial polycationic preservative, polyquaternium-1 0.001% (POLYQUAD®, Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA).24–26 Preservatives with antimicrobial activity are necessary to prevent accidental contamination of ophthalmic solutions packaged in multiuse containers. Polyquaternium-1 has been in use since the mid-1980s in contact lens solutions, artificial tears, and ocular hypotensive agents.26–31 It is more compatible with the ocular surface than the commonly used antimicrobial agent, benzalkonium chloride. Benzalkonium acts as a detergent, disrupting the cell walls of bacteria, but it can also disrupt the integrity of mammalian cells. Polyquaternium-1 causes blebbing and leakage of K+ from the cell walls of bacteria, but not mammalian cells. Both polyquaternium-1 and benzalkonium are effective antimicrobial agents, but polyquaternium-1 is less cytotoxic to the ocular surface than benzalkonium.19,32–36
Current and emerging fixed combination therapies in glaucoma: a safety and tolerability review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2020
Anastasios G. Konstas, Leopold Schmetterer, Vital P. Costa, Gábor Holló, Andreas Katsanos, Philippe Denis, Luciano Quaranta, Murat Irkec, Miguel A. Castejón, Miguel A. Teus, Alan L. Robin
Like most IOP-lowering medications, TTFC has been initially formulated using BAK as a preservative. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has reported the detrimental effects of BAK upon the ocular surface of many glaucoma subjects. Consequently, Alcon reformulated TTFC with a different safer preservative (polyquaternium-1), a polycationic polymer based on a quaternary ammonium center. Polyquaternium-1 is a commonly used preservative in contact lens solutions and is considered to be less toxic for the ocular surface. A study comparing TTFC preserved with BAK and TTFC preserved with polyquaternium-1 was conducted in 388 patients [76] and documented a similar rate of hyperemia (11.8% of subjects in the BAK-free TTFC group vs 12.3% of subjects in the BAK-preserved group). The study reported that 11 patients discontinued treatment due to drug-related adverse events, of whom 8 were in the BAK preserved TTFC group (specifically due to hyperemia, eye pain, iritis, photophobia, foreign body sensation, visual acuity reduced) whereas only 3 were in the BAK-free TTFC group (due to hyperemia and meibomianitis).
Ocular Surface Disease and Anti-Glaucoma Medications: Various features, Diagnosis, and Management Guidelines
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Sowmya Andole, Sirisha Senthil
Polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) is a polymeric quaternary ammonium molecule with antimicrobial properties, it is known to disrupt bacterial cell membranes.17 It was initially used as a preservative in a multidose contact lens cleaning solution. It has a molecular size that is 27 times larger than BAK.18 The larger size of the molecule is less likely to penetrate the corneal epithelial cells hence less cytotoxicity.17 Studies have shown less apoptosis and oxidative stress compared to BAK when used as a preservative in antiglaucoma medications.19 However, it has toxic effects on the conjunctival goblet cells, thereby decreasing aqueous tear film production.4