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Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Ajayan, R. Ajith Kumar, Nirmal Narayanan
Checker et al. (2009) studied the anti-inflammatory effects of plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone) isolated from P. zeylanica. Plumbagin inhibited T-cell proliferation in response to polyclonal mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) by blocking cell cycle progression. It also suppressed expression of early and late activation markers CD69 and CD25 respectively, in activated T-cells. At these immunosuppressive doses, plumbagin did not reduce the viability of lymphocytes. The inhibition of T-cell proliferation by plumbagin was accompanied by a decrease in the levels of Con A- induced IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-gamma cytokines. Similar immunosuppressive effects of plumbagin on cytokine levels were observed in vivo. To characterize the mechanism of inhibitory action of plumbagin, the mitogen-induced IκBα degradation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB was studied in lymphocytes. Plumbagin completely inhibited Con A-induced IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation.
Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects of Terpenes, Polyphenolics, and Other Non-Flavonoid Phytochemicals
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Chronic oral administration of plumbagin decreased immobility in the tail suspension test and restored sucrose appetite in mice that had been subjected to chronic unpredictable stress. Its effects were comparable to those of imipramine. Plumbagin inhibited brain MAO-A activity, and reduced oxidative and nitrosative damage. It decreased plasma nitrite, brain malondialdehyde, and catalase levels, and increased glutathione levels. Stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone levels were also attenuated by plumbagin.164
Naphthoquinone Constituents of Anticancer Terrestrial Plants
Published in Spyridon E. Kintzios, Maria G. Barberaki, Evangelia A. Flampouri, Plants That Fight Cancer, 2019
Plumbagin (Figure 4.2, 7), a naturally occurring yellow pigment, was found in the root of Plumbaginaceae plants (van der Vijver 1972). It has been safely used for centuries in both Ayurveda therapy and traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases, such as the infections, inflammatory, rheumatosis, and allergic reactions (Krishnaswamy and Purushothaman 1980, Liu et al. 2008, Sung et al. 2012, Wang and Huang 2005). In previous studies, it has been shown to exert antiproliferative activities in cells culture as well as in animal models. Towards the growth of human leukemia Raji cells, lung carcinoma Calu-1 cells, cervical carcinoma HeLa cells, and human transformed epithelial Wish cells, plumbagin exhibited the IC50 values of 8.1 ± 3.9, 25.0 ± 8.8, 21.5 ± 2.6, and 21.2 ± 5.0 μM, respectively (Lin et al. 2003). The growth inhibitory effects of this plant-derived naphthoquinone were also observed for human cervical cancer ME-180 cells with the IC50 value of 3 μM (Srinivas et al. 2004). It inhibited the invasion of prostate cancer DU145, PC-3, and CWR22rv1 cells (Aziz et al. 2008) and liver cancer HepG2 cells (Shih et al. 2009). The plum bag in treatment at doses of 15 and 20 μM depicted 55 and 70% inhibition of pancreatic PANC1 cells invasion (Hafeez et al. 2014).
Effects of Dietary Phytochemicals on DNA Damage in Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Yang Ye, Ying Ma, Mei Kong, Zhihua Wang, Kang Sun, Fang Li
Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is derived from the plant Plumbago zeylanica L. This naphthoquinone compound is obtained from the root of the plant and used in the treatment of infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and skin diseases. Plumbagin exerts its antitumor effects mainly by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and preventing angiogenesis (124). Plumbagin is highly sensitive and provides neuroprotection at concentrations lower than those of traditional drugs (125). Sameni et al. (39) used plumbagin to treat various types of breast cancer cells; the results showed that plumbagin induced DNA damage mainly via increasing DSB. Furthermore, total DNA damage in cancer cells may not be reversed completely. Additionally, studies have shown that plumbagin can induce high levels of ROS and decrease mitochondrial membrane potential in A549 lung cancer cells, leading to cell apoptosis (40).
Plumbagin inhibits quorum sensing-regulated virulence and biofilms of Gram-negative bacteria: in vitro and in silico investigations
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Faizan Abul Qais, Mohammad Shavez Khan, Iqbal Ahmad, Fohad Mabood Husain, Abdulaziz Abdullah Al-kheraif, Mohammed Arshad, Pravej Alam
This study reports the broad-spectrum inhibition of biofilms and the QS-controlled virulence factors of Gram-negative bacteria by plumbagin, along with its possible mode of action. More than 50% inhibition of all the tested virulence factors P. aeruginosa PAO1 and S. marcescens MTCC 97 was recorded. The development of biofilms was also inhibited dose-dependently by plumbagin. Microscopic analysis of the biofilms revealed that plumbagin reduced bacterial adherence and colonization on a solid surface. Computational studies gave a closer insight regarding the possible modes of action. Based on in silico studies, the possible modes of inhibition by plumbagin are inhibition of signal molecule synthesis, blocking of the receptor proteins of QS and antagonization of the regulatory proteins. This study highlights the efficacy of plumbagin as the inhibitor of biofilms and QS. The toxicological impact of plumbagin cannot be neglected, and hence careful in vivo investigations are required before its therapeutic application.
Osteolytic metastasis in breast cancer: effective prevention strategies
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2020
Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), another analog of vitamin K, is found in various plant families, including Plumbaginaceae, Droseraceae, Ancestrocladaceae, and Dioncophyllaceae. This plant product shows various medicinal activities. Plumbagin shows anti-tumorigenic activity in various cancer types like breast, prostate, lung cancer through targeting various Akt, NFκB and ROS signaling pathways [109]. This study also found that this vitamin K analog prevents breast cancer- and RANKL-driven osteoclast activity by blocking NFκB signaling resulting in diminished breast cancer-induced osteolytic bone destruction [110]. Recent studies have also documented that plumbagin inhibits RANKL expression in osteocytes to mitigate breast cancer-driven osteoclast activity [67].