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Understanding the Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants under Environmental Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Prachi Sao, Rahat Parveen, Aryan Khattri, Shubhra Sharma, Neha Tiwari, Sachidanand Singh
The most effective method is planting metal chelation (Memon and Schröder, 2009). Notably, among metals, Cd is known to be a strong promoter of phytochelatins (PCs) in a variety of plants (Anjum et al., 2015). Figure 11.1 illustrates the major transporters for Cd sequestration and storage.
Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Camila Fernanda de Oliveira Junkes, Franciele Antonia Neis, Fernanda de Costa, Anna Carolina Alves Yendo, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
Plants can show tolerance to heavy metals based on mechanisms modulating regulation of their absorption in the rhizosphere and accumulation in roots. These strategies may preserve plant cell integrity and primary functions, which, in association with the low translocation to the aerial part, may avoid overload on the photosynthetic apparatus and damage to the vascular bundles. The concentration of free heavy metals in the cytosol is reduced especially via compartmentalization in subcellular structures, exclusion and/or decrease in membrane transport. In addition, production and formation of cysteine rich peptides, known as phytochelatins and metallothioneins, can complex several metals. In conjunction, the actions of antioxidant defense systems, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, are capable of removing, neutralizing or cleaning free radicals (Emamverdian et al., 2015). All these mechanisms can also impact the synthesis and extrusion of several plant metabolites, both from primary and secondary metabolism.
Glutathione
Published in Ruth G. Alscher, John L. Hess, Antioxidants in Higher Plants, 2017
Alfred Hausladen, Ruth G. Alscher
Glutathione S-transferases function in detoxification of xenobiotics by conjugation with glutathione, and have been reviewed in detail by Lamoureux and Rusness.62 Phytochelatins, the heavy metal binding peptides of plants, are synthesized from glutathione by phytochelatin synthetase.53 In animals, the selenium enzyme glutathione peroxidase is responsible for reducing, and thus detoxifying H202,63 but despite intensive search, this enzyme could not thus far be detected in higher plants.64,65 Glutathione peroxidase has, however, been found in the moss Tortula ruralis66 and after selenium induction in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.67 A selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase has been isolated from Euglena gracilis.68 Without giving details, Kuroda et al.69 reported the occurrence of glutathione peroxidase in apple callus cultures.
Global impact of trace non-essential heavy metal contaminants in industrial cannabis bioeconomy
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Louis Bengyella, Mohammed Kuddus, Piyali Mukherjee, Dobgima J. Fonmboh, John E. Kaminski
Heavy metals loading into xylem vessels occurs via HMA2 and/or HMA4 proteins (Park and Ahn 2017), and sequestration results from the binding of chelating proteins and transporters (Uraguchi et al. 2009). Heavy metals trafficking from xylem to phloem is mediated by PHT1:1, PHT1:4, and heavy metal ATPase and cation exchanger 2 (Wong and Cobbett 2009). Recently, Ahmad et al. (2016) identified two important HMs responsive genes, glutathione-disulfidereductase (GSR) and phospholipase D-α (PLDα) in C. sativa that are overregulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under stress. In another study, an increase in phytochelatin and DNA content was observed when C. sativa was subjected to heavy metal stress conditions (Citterio et al. 2003). The cannabis genome consists of 54 GRAS transcription factors (involved in growth and development) that regulate 40 homologous GRAS genes under cadmium stress (Ming-Yin et al. 2020). Thus, we suggest the application of reverse genetics to silence HMs transporters in the developmental process of next-generation domesticated cannabis. This approach has the potential to mitigate the intrinsic phytoremediation propensity, ensure consumer safety, and boost the cannabis bioeconomy. However, to develop HMs hyperaccumulating cannabis strains for applied biotechnologies such as phytoremediation, phytomining, and pre-cultivation cleaning of farmland, exploring evolved and adapted landraces from global HMs hotspots (Table 1) could facilitate the process. Cannabis landraces from global HMs hotspots should be studied for their unique physiological propensity to uptake, transport, and sequestrate HMs and avert extinction in extreme growing conditions.
Cellular biogenesis of metal nanoparticles by water velvet (Azolla pinnata): different fates of the uptake Fe3+ and Ni2+ to transform into nanoparticles
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Ratima Janthima, Sineenat Siri
The responses of A. pinnata to the metal treatments could be determined by the changed profiles of functional groups of the plant biomolecules as determined by ATR-FTIR analysis. Figure 4 shows the ATR-FTIR spectra of the roots of A. pinnata exposed to Fe(NO3)3 and Ni(NO3)2. In Fe(NO3)3 and Ni(NO3)2 treated plants, FTIR spectra revealed the changes in peak intensity and new emergent peak as compared with the control plants. Six spectral peaks were modulated in response to these metal treatments, which were in the ranges of 3342−3329, 1632−1616, 1556−1539, 1384−1373, 1057−1053, and 672 cm−1. These spectral peaks corresponded to O–H stretching vibration of alcohol [30], N–H bending vibration of primary amine [30], N–H bending vibration of secondary amide [31], symmetric COO– stretching of carbonyl group [30], C–O stretching vibration of primary alcohol [32], and M–O bond vibration [33], respectively. In the treated plants, two reduction peaks at 3342−3329 and 1057−1053 cm−1 (O–H and C–O of primary alcohol) suggested the possible reduction of some carbohydrates in response to Fe and Ni treatments. The reduction of starch synthesis was reported as one of the metal stress effects in plants. In metal-treated plants, a lower photosynthesis was detected, resulting from metal-induced disruption of light harvesting complex II, the basic pigment-protein complex in photosystem II, and reduction of chlorophyll contents [34]. In contrast, the increased peak intensity at 1384−1373 cm−1 (COO– stretching of carbonyl group) suggested a possible induction of some carbohydrates under a metal stress condition. The inductions of pectin and antioxidant sugars were reported in metal-stress plants. Pectin production was induced to capture and prevent metal translocation into the cells [35]. Increased levels of antioxidant sugars were significant in plants to cope with metal toxicity effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) [36]. In addition to carbohydrates, there was a possible reduction of some proteins in metal-treated plants as indicated by the reduced peak intensity at 1632−1616 cm−1 (N–H of primary amine). There was a report of metal stress effects on a protein folding process, resulting in misfolded and non-functioned proteins. These proteins were subsequently degraded through a ubiquitin-proteasome process or autophagy, resulting in reducing levels of some proteins in metal-stress plants [37]. In contrast, there were also possibly newly synthesized proteins in response to metal stress, suggesting new emergent peak at 1556−1539 cm−1 (N–H of secondary amide). The newly synthesized proteins might be related to the metal detoxification processes, such as phytochelatins, metallothionines, and antioxidant enzymes [38]. Another emergent peak was detected at 672 cm−1 (M–O bonding), indicating the formation of metal-oxygen bonding occurring in the metal-treated plants.