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Weaning a Baby onto a Vegan Diet
Published in Mary Nolan, Shona Gore, Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education, 2023
Deficiency of iron in infants and young children is relatively common worldwide and can result in anaemia, increased susceptibility to infections and impaired development (Shubham et al., 2020). While iron is widespread in plant foods, non-haem iron is not always as well absorbed as haem iron, largely due to the presence of naturally-occurring compounds known as phytates. This effect of phytates can be reduced by soaking, fermenting, leavening and sprouting grains and legumes, and serving iron-rich plant foods with foods containing vitamin C and carotenes to further enhance the absorption of non-haem iron (Shubham et al., 2020). For example, fortified cereal can be served with vitamin C-rich fruit at breakfast and at other meals, tofu or legumes and green vegetables can be included, with a squeeze of lemon juice for vitamin C added on serving (vitamin C is heat sensitive and is degraded during cooking).
The dietary requirements of infants
Published in Claire Tuck, Complementary Feeding, 2022
A higher fibre intake among 13-month-old Finnish children92 (7.6 g of NSP per 1000 kcal) was achieved by a higher intake of cereals, vegetables and fruit compared with children with lower fibre intakes; the consumption of meat and fish, was similar among fibre groups, even though a high fibre intake was associated with a higher intake of iron compared with children with a lower fibre intake, iron intakes being almost three times those in a UK study of 6-to 12-month-old infants.7 In addition, while the intake of cereals (a source of phytates) was highest among children consuming the most fibre, their intake of fruit and vegetables was also the highest,92 the vitamin C from these fruits and vegetables feasibly counteracting any reduction in non-haem iron absorption because of phytates. The main sources of phytates in the UK diet are cereals and cereal products (such as breakfast cereals and breads), followed by vegetables, potatoes and savoury snacks (such as chips and crisps) and fruits and nuts.101
Lifestyle Medicine in Menopause and Bone Health
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Phytate, or IP-6, a naturally-occurring compound found in high concentrations in nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains, inhibits osteoclast activity.75 Phytates also prevent dissolution of bone in a way similar to the anti-osteoporosis drugs, alendronate and etidronate. Accordingly, phytate consumption is associated with increased BMD in the heel, spine, and hip.76,77 Phytate consumption also corresponds to fracture risk. Postmenopausal women with lower IP-6 levels had greater bone mass loss in the lumbar spine compared to those with high levels. The 10-year fracture probability was also significantly higher in the low-phytate group compared to the high-phytate group, both in hip and major osteoporotic fracture.78
The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Body Composition and Thyroid Function in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Antonis Zavros, Christoforos D. Giannaki, George Aphamis, Zoe Roupa, Eleni Andreou
When discussing the efficiency of Se and Zn supplementation on body composition, interactions with other elements should also be addressed. Such a mention is required because a decrease in the bioavailability of Se and Zn could reduce the effectiveness of supplementation on body composition. For example, it is possible that phosphorus and sulfur fertilizer can reduce the concentrations of Se in rice, while nitrogen fertilizer in high doses can reduce Se concentrations in wheat (88). This is crucial since cereal products constitute a significant resource of dietary Se (89). On the other hand, the bioavailability of Se is increased with the presence of vitamins A, D, E, and C (89). As it comes to Zn bioavailability, phytate, a natural component in plants that constitutes their main phosphorus storage, is considered the principal nutritional inhibitor of Zn absorption (90). Other than phytate, elements like iron, cadmium, and tin could also decrease the absorption of Zn (90).
The relationship between serum zinc levels and myopia
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Niamh Burke, John S Butler, Ian Flitcroft, James Loughman
A potential dietary factor promoting marginal zinc deficiency in Koreans is high phytate and calcium intake, which decreases zinc absorption. In an analysis of Korean dietary patterns, cereals and grains were found to contribute most dietary zinc to the diet (48.9 per cent). Animal products, which contain the best sources of zinc, supplied 30 per cent of total zinc. The majority of phytate was supplied by cereals such as rice, barley and legumes such as soy products. Rice alone contributed 54.1 per cent of total dietary phytate, making rice the major source of both zinc and phytate in the Korean diet.20 Phytate can bind zinc in the intestinal lumen and form an insoluble complex that cannot be digested or absorbed because humans lack the intestinal phytase enzyme. The negative effect of phytate on zinc absorption is dose‐dependent.39 For this reason, plant‐based diets are sometimes low in micronutrients, especially zinc. A systematic review of 34 studies compared males and females consuming vegetarian diets versus non‐vegetarian diets; 26 studies were included in a meta‐analysis, and dietary intake and serum zinc concentration were found to be significantly lower in populations that consistently followed vegetarian compared to a non‐vegetarian diets.40 Interestingly, a study carried out on young adults in India, found a higher prevalence of myopia among vegetarians than non‐vegetarians;41 a separate UK study showed myopic children, treated with a high animal protein diet displayed slower progression of myopia, when compared to controls.11
Vanillin extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets induce apoptotic cell death in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Deepa Priya Ramadoss, Nageswaran Sivalingam
Millets are rich in phenolics acids, tannins, and phytate which act as ‘antinutrients’ (50) and these antinutrients are known to reduce the risk of colon and breast cancer in animals (51). Shi et al. have stated that foxtail millet bran extract eminently inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells HCT-116 (52). Linoleic acid was isolated from Proso and Japanese millet have shown effective cytotoxicity against human leukemia K562 at 190.6 µg/ml and prostate cancer LNCaP cells at 541.17 µg/ml (53). Ho et al. have justified that vanillin inhibits HT-29 cells at the IC50 value of 400 µg/ml (54) and showed weak toxicity against the SW480 cell line with the IC50 value of 380 µg/ml (55). Whereas, in our study vanillin extracted from PM and BM inhibits the cell proliferation in low concentration at 250 µg/ml when compared with earlier studies.