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Preservatives and Preservation
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Alcohols. Included in this group are ethyl, phenoxyethyl and benzyl alcohols. Ethanol at higher levels is considered to function via dehydration and enzyme denaturation. At preservative levels ethanol as well as phenoxyethanol and benzyl alcohol are thought to disrupt cytoplasmic membrane integrity and oxidative phosphorylation (75–78). Ethyl alcohol effectively offers complete preservative capacity at concentrations of 20%, and lower levels can have some limited effect that can be useful if combined with other preservatives (78). Phenoxyethanol is a commonly used preservative and has found significantly greater application in recent decades as a parabens replacement (42,45). At concentrations up to 8000 ppm, phenoxyethanol is used primarily as an antibacterial preservative, importantly against Gram-negative bacteria, and is often combined with preservatives such as benzoic acid targeting fungi (24). Benzyl alcohol is similarly effective at levels up to 8000 ppm though less effective against Gram-negative bacteria (45). Benzyl alcohol is often formulated with antioxidants such as tocopherol to address potential autocatalytic oxidation (39,77,79). Organic alcohols are most appropriately formulated in emulsion water phase to control potential partitioning into the lipid phase of emulsions (80). Though effective as preservatives, organic alcohols are readily biodegradable if used at low levels so are most appropriately used in combination with other preservatives (45,81,82). As with some organic acids, organic alcohols may be absorbed by some tubing materials (69).
Contact Urticaria Caused by Preservatives and Disinfectants
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Phenoxyethanol is a preservative used in consumer and health care products, including vaccines, pen inks, ear drops, shampoos, skin cleansers, moisturizers, sun care products, and topical medicaments. The preservative Euxyl-K 400 also contains 2-phenoxyethanol, in combination with methyldibromoglutaronitrile.
L-Ascorbic acid and phosphatidylcholine complex vesicles: formation and elucidation of their biological activities, and their molecular interactions
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Thapakorn Tree-Udom, Chalermrat Simavong, Prapasiri Phetklung, Kanjanaporn Chompoonuch, Sagaw Prateepchinda, Supatchaya Jaemsai, Andrew William King, Oraphan King
Formulation of oil in water emulsion base was prepared. The water phase component was prepared as hydroxyethylcellulose (0.4%w/w) and glycerine (3.0%w/w) that were weighed out and dissolved into DI water at 70 °C. The oil phase component was prepared as glycerol monostearate (3.0%w/w) and sweet almond oil (2.0%w/w) that were weighed out and melted at 70 °C. The oil phase component was then added slowly into the water phase component and rapidly stirred until a homogeneous formation of emulsion was obtained. It was stirred continuously and cooled down to room temperature, phenoxyethanol (1.0%w/w) was then added. The PC-AA complex vesicle with the VP1 composition was selected for further study and was therefore incorporated into the emulsion base. The VP1 complex vesicles (4.0%w/w) were added into the formulation base and stirred at room temperature to obtain a homogeneous product. The product was transferred into a closed container and kept at room temperature.
Anti-biofouling efficacy of three home and personal care product preservatives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm inhibition and prevention
Published in Biofouling, 2021
A. M. Curtin, M. C. Thibodeau, H. L. Buckley
In this study, a modified high-throughput protocol was developed for testing the anti-biofouling efficacy of three common preservatives used in home and personal care products including 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 2-phenoxyethanol (PE), and sodium benzoate (SB) (Figure 2). These preservatives were selected because they were identified by Buckley et al. (2017) as common preservatives used in home and personal care products. Additionally, they range from high to low hazard level, thus providing efficacy metrics across hazard levels. Two anti-biofouling methods were tested against P. aeruginosa biofilms (Curtin et al. 2020) including biofilm prevention and biofilm removal. Data are presented in the form of minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), during which biofilms are grown and treated with antibiotics simultaneously, and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC), during which biofilms are grown and subsequently treated with antibiotics (Moskowitz et al. 2004; Macià et al. 2014; Vetas et al. 2017; Cruz et al. 2018; Strantzali et al. 2021).
Involvement of cortisol and sirtuin1 during the response to stress of hypothalamic circadian system and food intake-related peptides in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Fatemeh Naderi, Juan Hernández-Pérez, Mauro Chivite, José L. Soengas, Jesús M. Míguez, Marcos A. López-Patiño
Fish were deeply anaesthetized by addition of 2-phenoxyethanol (0.2% v/v - Sigma Aldrich) to tank water. To guarantee the uniform mix of anesthetize, the appropriate volume of 2-phenoxyethanol was previously diluted in 5-L of tank water and afterwards added into the fish tank. This procedure was done in the absence of visual contact between fish and the manipulators, thus minimizing the incidence of acute stress response. Once anesthetized, individual blood samples were collected and animals were rapidly sacrificed. From each animal, 1 mL of blood was collected by caudal puncture with help of ammonium-heparinized syringes. Each individual hypothalamus, including the preoptic area was removed under sterile conditions, according to previously described (Doyon et al. 2003). Samples were placed into sterile RNase-free 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until assayed for mRNA abundance of clock genes (clock1a, bmal1, per1 and rev- erbβ-like), anorexigenic (crf, pomc-a1, and cart) and orexigenic (npy) neuropeptides, sirtuin1 (sirt1), and glucocorticoid receptors (gr1 and gr2). Plasma samples were obtained after blood centrifugation and then immediately stored at −80º C until assayed for cortisol and metabolites (glucose and lactate) levels.