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Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Various other natural extracts are used as feedstocks for the production of terpenoids as shown in Figure 6.35. Two of the most significant ones are clary sage and the citrus oils (obtained as by-products of the fruit juice industry). After distillation of the oil from clary sage, sclareol (203) is extracted from the residue, and this serves as a starting material for naphthofuran (204), known under trade names such as Ambrofix, Ambrox, and Ambroxan. The conversion is shown in Figure 6.35. Initially, sclareol is oxidized to sclareolide (205). This was once effected using oxidants such as permanganate and dichromate, but nowadays, the largest commercial process uses a biotechnological oxidation. Sclareolide is then reduced using lithium aluminum hydride, borane, or similar reagents and the resulting diol is cyclized to the naphthofuran. d-Limonene (73) and valencene (206) are both extracted from citrus oils. Reaction of d-limonene with nitrosyl chloride gives an adduct that is rearranged to the oxime of l-carvone, and subsequent hydrolysis produces the free ketone (105). Selective oxidation of valencene gives nootkatone (135).
The Prevention of Insanity and the General Principles of the Treatment of the Insane
Published in Francis X. Dercum, Rest, Suggestion, 2019
Treatment of Bed-sores.—When bed-sores supervene in the insane, they should, of course, be treated surgically. The importance of cleanliness cannot be too strongly insisted upon, though the difficulty of securing this in cases in which there is involvement of the sphincters is obvious. The danger of septic infection is always present and should as much as possible be guarded against. Caution must be exercised not to use sublimate, permanganate or antiseptics too freely. After a first thorough surgical cleansing, it may suffice to use a ten or twenty per cent, solution of alcohol and subsequently protecting the ulcer as thoroughly as possible.
Management of skin disease
Published in Ronald Marks, Richard Motley, Common Skin Diseases, 2019
In general, ointments are prescribed for chronic scaling conditions, including psoriasis and persistent eczema; creams and lotions are prescribed for acute and exudative disorders. When the disorder is weeping and exudative, bathing and wet dressings are required. Gauze dressings kept moist with saline or dilute potassium permanganate solution (1:8000) or aluminium subacetate solution (8 per cent) should be used. Shampoos are helpful for psoriasis, lice infestation and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.
Wrong administration route of medications in the domestic setting: a review of an underestimated public health topic
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Maria Rosaria Gualano, Giuseppina Lo Moro, Gianluca Voglino, Dario Catozzi, Fabrizio Bert, Roberta Siliquini
Medication errors related to the incorrect route of administration are rarely considered in scientific works that analyze mistakes made by patients. However, case reports of adult patients who self-administered medications through the wrong route have been widely reported. For instance, in 1984, Huntley reported two accidental ingestions of topical drugs [8]. The first case concerned a 56-year-old woman with widespread psoriasis: she ingested two potassium permanganate tablets (325 mg each) with 300 mL of water instead of using these medications for dissolution in bathwater. In the second case, a 36-year-old man with tuberous sclerosis ingested one packet of Burow’s solution (aluminum triacetate) dissolved in a glass of water instead of using it topically on a wound infection. Fortunately, there were no severe consequences, but the author underlined the need for a change in packaging to prevent these types of errors [8]. In 1988, another case involved a 46-year-old man with hypertension who ingested nitroglycerin patches, thus showing that some patients require additional clarification to ensure the proper use of patches [9].
Differential expression of flowering genes in Arabidopsis thaliana under chronic and acute ionizing radiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Maryna V. Kryvokhyzha, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Namik M. Rashydov
We used A. thaliana (Brassicaceae) Columbia ecotype (wild-type) in this study. The seedlings were cultivated in soil under long day illumination conditions (18 h light and 6 h dark) (Czechowski et al. 2004) with light intensity of 8 klx at room temperature (21–23 °C). The soil was disinfected by 3% Sodium permanganate solution during 24 h. The same number of 24 plants (three technical repeats with eight plants per each repeat) was used in both experimental and control groups. The gene expression data were averaged only on biological repeats for 24 plants in each experimental and control groups. The seeds were disinfected by 70% ethanol solution for 2 min and washed with 12.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min followed by washing three times with H2O distillate. Plants in the control and experimental groups were watered simultaneously every other day.
Exploring research gaps and trends in the management of acute phosphide poisoning: a systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Zahraa Khalifa Sobh, Marwa Kholief, Eman Khalifa Sobh, Manal Ibrahim Fathy Balah
In 2012, Mostafazadeh and Farzaneh (2012) adopted a protocol for GIT decontamination of acute AlP poisoning; they found that suction of gastric content before conduction of lavage with potassium permanganate and added sodium bicarbonate was associated with clinical improvement (Mostafazadeh and Farzaneh 2012), however, on the view of more recent studies, gastric lavage with aqueous solution must be avoided in AlP-intoxicated patients, as it causes more liberation of phosphine gas. In addition, it was documented that potassium permanganate does not interact with the hard nucleophile PH3 and oxygen radicals generated from its breakdown (Nasri Nasrabadi and Marashi 2012).