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An Overview of Helminthiasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Leyla Yurttaș, Betül Kaya Çavușoğlu, Derya Osmaniye, Ulviye Acar Çevik
Paromomycin (10) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from strains of Streptomyces, with activity against gram-negative and various gram-positive bacteria. The taenicidal activity of paromomycin was discovered by chance during amoebiasis treatments in the 1960s. Paromomycin is the third drug of choice, after niclosamide and praziquantel, in the therapy of Taenia saginata, T. solium, Hymenolepis nana and Diphyllobothrium latum infections. The most common side effect of paromomycin is diarrhoea (Akgün et al. 2013). Structure of Ivermectin (9) and Paramomycin (10).
Entamoeba histolytica
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Jesús Serrano-Luna, Moisés Martínez-Castillo, Nidia Leon-Sicairos, Mineko Shibayama, Mireya de la Garza
Today, dysentery IA is treated with nitroimidazoles (metronidazole or tinidazole), the drug of choice for the treatment of symptomatic and invasive disease.131,132 Metronidazole kills amoebae in the intestine and in tissues, but it does not eradicate intestinal cysts.133 Metronidazole appears to be absorbed into amoebae, producing nitroso intermediates that bind to DNA and enzymes such as thioredoxin reductase forming adducts; antimicrobial effects may result due to the production of free radicals.134 As parasites persist in the intestines of 40%–60% of patients treated with metronidazole, drugs such as paromomycin, diloxanide furoate, or iodoquinol are used to eradicate residual amoebae.135,136 Diloxanide furoate is used alone as a primary agent to treat asymptomatic E. histolytica cyst passers.137 Paromomycin is the drug of choice for treating noninvasive disease.133 Iodoquinol primarily acts in the bowel lumen because it is poorly absorbed.133 Nitroimidazoles with long half-lives (i.e., secnidazole and ornidazole) are also used. Nitroimidazole therapy leads to a clinical response in roughly 90% of patients with mild to moderate IA.131 Nitazoxanide and its active-circulating metabolite tizoxanide are as potent as metronidazole against metronidazole-sensitive isolates of E. histolytica in vitro and have activity against isolates resistant or poorly susceptible to metronidazole.137 Nitazoxanide is effective at treating invasive IA and at preventing the amoebic colonization of the GI tract.138
Evaluating the effect of oral clarithromycin on acute cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions compared with systemic glucantime
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Naghmeh Zabolinejad, Pouran Layegh, Zahra Abbasi Shaye, Maryam Salehi, Somayeh Ghanizadeh
In the old models, three methods were used to treat CL, which included three local and physical systemic methods. Local treatment consists of the use of herbal extracts and minerals and intralesional injections using mepacrine, emetine, and ointments such as paromomycin and imidazole. Systemic treatment of LC includes the use of drugs such as glucantime, amphotericin-b, allopurinol, paromomycin, and imidazole derivatives. Moreover, the physical wound healing includes wound curettage, radiation therapy, heat treatment, and cold therapy (5,9,10). Studies have shown that topical treatment is appropriate for the treatment of this disease, since it is easier to receive, and its absorption is better and suitable. Moreover, it seems that systemic drugs are associated with fewer complications. In the treatment of the disease, paromomycin ointment was used for the first time, where testing on rats demonstrated 70% therapeutic effect of the ointment. In addition, it has been indicated that the combination of paromomycin and glucantime has been effective in treatment. In physical therapy, curettage and surgical procedures are effective at the onset of the disease.
Overcoming challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic infectious diseases in migrants
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Francesca F. Norman, Belen Comeche, Sandra Chamorro, Rogelio López-Vélez
Adequate therapy for amoebic colitis is necessary to reduce disease burden, prevent the development of complications and reduce transmission [101]. All infections caused by E. histolytica, even in asymptomatic carriers, should thus receive specific treatment, due to the potential development of invasive disease and to diminish spread [98]. Treatment options can be divided into luminal agents (paromomycin, diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol) and tissue agents (metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide). Patients with asymptomatic amebiasis need only be treated with a luminal agent to prevent invasion and transmission, while patients with clinical disease require treatment with an agent active in tissues followed by a luminal agent [97]. A recent Cochrane Review demonstrated that tinidazole may be more effective in reducing clinical failure in amoebic colitis and may be associated with fewer adverse events, compared with metronidazole. Also, combination drug therapy may be more effective in reducing parasitological failure compared with metronidazole alone but data are currently insufficient to recommend a specific combination [101]. Paromomycin should not be administered at the same time as the nitroimidazole agent as it may cause diarrhea. Drainage of liver abscesses (either image-guided or open aspiration) may occasionally be required in addition to antiparasitic therapy [97].
The advantages of nanomedicine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: between sound arguments and wishful thinking
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Kevin Matha, Brice Calvignac, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Jean-Pierre Benoit
Paromomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic administered intramuscularly. It has efficacy on gram-positive and negative bacteria, and also on protozoa such as Leishmania. Topical forms are available for cutaneous Leishmaniases treatment. The usual dosage is 15–20 mg/kg of the sulfate salt (11–15 mg/kg of base) for 21 days. The adverse events observed with the use of this drug are local pain at the injection site, reversible ototoxicity, renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity (transaminases elevation) [3]. To limit the spread of the emerging resistant strains of Leishmania parasites, its use is in combination with SSG in East Africa has shown efficacy [23].