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Evaluation of Autonomic Failure
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
D) The response to atropine is more noticeable in young adults, in whom vagal tone is high. In infants or elderly subjects, atropine may fail to accelerate the heart rate. In addition to the usual muscarinic antagonism in the periphery, atropine can block α ι -adrenoceptors during the distribution phase of a large intravenous dose. Furthermore atropine may induce atrio-ventricular (AV) dissociation during the first minute of administration. This occurs before full parasympatholytic effect of the drug is manifest and may be of some concern for some patients. However, the transient AV dissociation evoked by atropine is asymptomatic and usually missed if the EKG is not being carefully monitored. This dose of atropine may produce significant side effects due to cholinergic blockade, such as dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, and mental disturbances, especially in the elderly.
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being in Labor Fetal Heart Rate Patterns — Their Pathophysiology and Clinical Relevance
Published in Miriam Katz, Israel Meizner, Vaclav Insler, Fetal Well-Being, 2019
Miriam Katz, Israel Meizner, Vaclav Insler
Fetal tachycardia can be secondary to maternal tachycardia in patients that receive β-sympathomimetics, i.e., drugs used to inhibit uterine contractions, and parasympatholytics, e.g., atropine. Fetal tachycardia may be a sign of fetal anemia either due to hemolysis (Rh isoimmunization) or acute fetal blood loss (bleeding vasa previa, placental abruption, etc.). Fetal tachycardia can also reflect fetal hypoxia and according to Cibils9 this may indicate acute fetal distress regardless of the concomitant presence or absence of ominous periodic changes.
Ophthalmic drugs
Published in Mary E. Shaw, Agnes Lee, Ophthalmic Nursing, 2018
There are two groups of mydriatics: Parasympatholytics, which cause pupillary dilation – mydriasis and cycloplegia – paralysis of the ciliary muscleSympathomimetics, which cause only mydriasis
Quantitative Assessment of the Choroidal Vessel Diameter during the Recovery of Form-Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Wei Chen, Li Li, Qiang Feng, Chen Xi Li, Yue Zhang, Zhi Wei Li
This study has several limitations. First, the blood flow in the deep choroid could not be detected by OCT-A, mostly due to scattering by the pigment in the RPE cells and by the choriocapillaris.32 However, in the red line range of the OCT-A choroidal scan, it basically includes most of the choroidal vessels. Second, the method of OCT-A acquisition may also impact the quality of choroidal imaging. Therefore, in this study, an image quality of >6/10 was selected for analysis. Third, OCT-A images may show more types of artifacts than structural images and are therefore subject to misinterpretation.33 To overcome this shortcoming, this study use thresholding to remove regions of the image that are significantly influenced by noise. Fourth, this study did not observe three subtypes of NOS because total NOS level may affect the generated NO content. In future studies, we will observe changes in the three subtypes of NOS in the choroid. Fifth, Mydriatics used in this study containing sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents maybe have vasodilatation effect on choroid. However, Kim found this concentration (three times at 5 min intervals) might not have been sufficient enough to induce choroidal structural changes which could be detected with OCT.34 To avoid possible influences, measurement was performed 1 h after instillation of 1 or 2 drops of eye drops.
Pyridinium-2-carbaldoximes with quinolinium carboxamide moiety are simultaneous reactivators of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agent surrogates
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Hyun Myung Lee, Rudolf Andrys, Jakub Jonczyk, Kyuneun Kim, Avinash G. Vishakantegowda, David Malinak, Adam Skarka, Monika Schmidt, Michaela Vaskova, Kamil Latka, Marek Bajda, Young-Sik Jung, Barbara Malawska, Kamil Musilek
The OP intoxication can be treated by cholinesterase antidotes. They are usually composed of parasympatholytic agent (e.g. atropine and avizafone), cholinesterase reactivator (e.g. pralidoxime 1, obidoxime 2, and asoxime 3; Figure 1), and anticonvulsant (e.g. diazepam)4. The symptomatic treatment is mediated by parasympatholytics and anticonvulsants. However, the causal treatment is done by cholinesterase reactivator with oxime moiety. The oxime functional group is able to transform into nucleophilic oximate anion under physiological pH 7.4 and split the OP moiety from AChE active site via formation of phosphylated oxime that is further degraded or excreted5. This way, OP is detoxified and AChE function is restored.
The triple function of the capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons: In memoriam János Szolcsányi
Published in Temperature, 2023
Erika Pintér, Zsuzsanna Helyes, Éva Szőke, Kata Bölcskei, Angéla Kecskés, Gábor Pethő
Peripheral nerves usually contain a mixture of motor, sensory and autonomic fibers. If only the sensory fibers are to be stimulated, it is possible to block motor and autonomic nerve regulation by pharmacological tools, peripheral muscle relaxants, sympatholytics, and parasympatholytics. However, selective stimulation of the sensory nerves can be produced by electrical stimulation of the peripheral stump of the transected spinal dorsal root. In this case, the electrical impulses propagate in an antidromic direction toward the periphery to the nerve endings, where they induce the exocytosis of neuropeptide-containing vesicles, and the released peptides act on their own receptors, causing vasodilatation and plasma extravasation, i.e. the phenomenon of neurogenic inflammation is produced as a local effect. At the beginning, we mapped the capsaicin-sensitive innervation of the exteroceptive and interoceptive lumbosacral areas of the rat by antidromic electrical stimulation of the transected dorsal spinal roots. Prior to stimulation, animals received a plasma albumin binding dye, Evans blue, which extravasates with albumin and causes the inflamed area to become blue. The blued tissues showed a segmental distribution, and after extraction of the dye, the extent of inflammation could be determined by spectrophotometry. When the animals were systemically pretreated with capsaicin, no plasma extravasation occurred, demonstrating that the phenomenon is related to the capsaicin-sensitive system [2,3]. Thus, we have provided functional evidence for the existence of capsaicin-sensitive sensory fibers mediated efferent function and mapped the capsaicin-sensitive innervation of pelvic organs and lower body skin areas.