China 
Africa 
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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Oxiconazole is a broad-spectrum imidazole derivative that has fungicidal or fungistatic activity against a large number of pathogenic dermatophytes and yeasts. This agent inhibits the cytochrome P450-dependent demethylation of lanosterol, preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, which is a crucial component of fungal cell membrane. Subsequent altered cell membrane permeability promotes loss of essential intracellular components and eventually inhibits fungal cell growth. Oxiconazole is indicated for the treatment of fungal infection of the skin. In pharmaceutical products oxiconazole is employed as oxiconazole nitrate (CAS number 64211-46-7, EC number 264-730-3, molecular formula C18H14C14N4O4) (1).
Topical Azoles
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Joanne L. Sharp, Michael A. Pfaller
There is negligible systemic absorption of oxiconazole following topical application of the drug. Oxiconazole has been compared with amorolfine and bifonazole in the guinea-pig model, and it had the most potent activity at 48 hours after application of the drugs (Fromtling, 1988).
Oxiconazole nitrate solid lipid nanoparticles: formulation, in-vitro characterization and clinical assessment of an analogous loaded carbopol gel
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Rabab A. Mahmoud, Amal K. Hussein, Ghada A. Nasef, Heba F. Mansour
Skin fungal infections are widely spread all over the world for both sexes including different types related to various pathogens. Tinea is considered one of the most common long-lasting cutaneous fungal infection [1]. The primary line of treatment for this type of infection is the topical antifungals while systemic antifungals are suggested in severe or persistent cases [2]. Topical antifungal agents are usually favored over systemic ones due to direct localization of the drug to the infected site, with reduced side effects and enhanced patient compliance [3]. Azole antifungals are the most widely used class in treatment of this type of infection. The effective topical dosage forms including creams, lotions and ointments are applied daily for different time periods. Oxiconazole nitrate belonging to azole antifungals is successfully used for the treatment of Tinea fungal infection. It has intermediate molecular weight, good polymers compatibility, low irritation viability and good skin permeability [4]. However, the outermost layer of the skin named the stratum corneum acts as the main obstacle for drug penetration. Therefore, studies focus on designing drug delivery systems with improved penetration ability through the stratum corneum to enhance the antifungal efficacy [3,5].