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Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Tyramine is a biochemical widely found in foods and beverages such as meat, cheese, fermented foods, beans, peanuts, bananas, nuts, chocolate, and red wine. It has a significant interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These drugs are used to treat depression and Parkinson’s disease. Linezolid, a newer oxazolidinone antibiotic, has some MAOI properties, thus showing characteristics and potential for this interaction (22, 24). Therefore, linezolid should be used cautiously in patients taking serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Lastly, isoniazid, a mainstay in the treatment of tuberculosis, also exhibits MAOI effects and should not be taken with tyramine-containing foods (24).
Linezolid
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
The oxazolidinones have a unique mechanism of action to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby minimizing cross-resistance with other currently available antimicrobial agents. Linezolid has activity against all major Gram-positive pathogens of humans (including staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci, Bacillus species, Corynebacterium, and Listeria monocytogenes), good activity against many Gram-positive anaerobes, and activity against a number of mycobacteria and Nocardia species. Linezolid has no useful clinical activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Linezolid has been used primarily for treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections; however, hematologic and neurologic toxicity related to inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis has become an issue, particularly with prolonged therapy.
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections
Published in Thomas T. Yoshikawa, Shobita Rajagopalan, Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients, 2005
The drugs most commonly prescribed for serious VRE infections are quinu-pristin-dalfopristin and linezolid (10,16). However, quinupristin-dalfopristin is active against only E. faecium but not E. faecalis. Linezolid, an oxazolidinone, is active against both species of VRE and has the advantage of being formulated in both oral and IV forms. The dosage of these agents is described in Table 2. Duration of therapy will vary depending on the site and severity of infection (see also chapters discussing quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid).
A cost minimisation analysis comparing oral linezolid and intravenous daptomycin administered via an outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy programme in patients requiring prolonged antibiotic courses
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic belonging to the oxazolidinone class. It acts by inhibiting initiation of protein synthesis at the 50S ribosome. It is active against a wide-range of gram-positive aerobic bacteria, some anaerobic bacteria, several mycobacterial species as well as nocardia [16]. First discovered in the mid-1990s, it was first approved for clinical use on April 18th 2000. When taken oral it has a bioavailability of nearly 100% and an extensive volume of distribution [17]. Its current licence allows it to be prescribed for a maximum of 28 days continuously after which the rates of adverse events increase. The main adverse effect leading to discontinuation when given for short courses is reversible myelosuppression [18]. With courses longer than 28 days, effects associated with mitochondrial toxicity such as peripheral neuropathy, hyperlactataemia and metabolic acidosis occur [19]. It has a clinically important drug interaction with serotonergic agents such as the commonly prescribed class of antidepressants selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which limits use in these patients [20]. It is not licensed for use in catheter-related BSI (CR-BSI) due to a small imbalance in mortality in an early open-label study of the drug [21]. Patent protection expired in 2015 leading to entry to the market of generic competitors and considerable reduction in price of linezolid.
Serious adverse events with tedizolid and linezolid: pharmacovigilance insights through the FDA adverse event reporting system
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Milo Gatti, Michele Fusaroli, Emanuel Raschi, Ugo Moretti, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Fabrizio De Ponti
Notably, concomitant medications and potentially relevant drug–drug interactions may play a leading role in the occurrence of specific AEs of clinical interest with oxazolidinones. Particularly, both tedizolid and linezolid exhibit a weak nonselective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory effect at therapeutic serum concentrations, thus being potentially responsible for the occurrence of serotonin syndrome when concomitantly used with antidepressants or opioids [17,18]. To this regard, it is important to highlight that in 100% and in more than 70% of serotonin syndrome reports respectively found with tedizolid and linezolid, antidepressants or opioids (fentanyl or methadone) were concomitantly reported. Furthermore, concomitant medications may share with oxazolidinones a common safety profile, thus resulting in synergic toxicity. This is the case of hepatic failure or blood cell disorders, in which concomitant agents causing hepatotoxicity (e.g. rifampicin, voriconazole) or myelotoxicity (e.g. co-trimoxazole, ganciclovir), reported from 5% to 65% with tedizolid and linezolid, may exacerbate safety issues associated with oxazolidinones.
Safety considerations of current drug treatment strategies for nosocomial pneumonia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Adrian Ceccato, Pierluigi Di Giannatale, Stefano Nogas, Antoni Torres
Linezolid was the first antibiotic marketed in the oxazolidinone class. The usual dose is 600 mg twice daily and it benefits from having the same bioavailability in both oral and intravenous forms. Linezolid also has good pulmonary penetration and efficacy against NP caused by MRSA [96]. In two RCTs, linezolid showed non-inferiority compared to vancomycin in patients with NP [97,98], and in post-hoc analyses of both studies, linezolid was shown to improve survival rates with adequate safety profile [99,100]. In another RCT, linezolid was shown to improve clinical success in 57.6% (95/165) of linezolid-treated patients compared to 46.6% (81/174) of vancomycin-treated patients (95%CI, 0.5%–21.6%; P = 0.042), despite similar mortality rates. Linezolid use has also been associated with fewer cases of nephrotoxicity compared with vancomycin [10,101,102].