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Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles as Potential Sensors for Health Hazardous Compounds
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Rachel Fanelwa Ajayi, Sphamandla Nqunqa, Yonela Mgwili, Siphokazi Tshoko, Nokwanda Ngema, Germana Lyimo, Tessia Rakgotho, Ndzumbululo Ndou, Razia Adam
Biotransformation is a widely used method in green chemistry, and it massively contributes to the development of chiral chemistry in aqueous medium merging the constraints enforced by the efficient synthesis with the constraints related in respect to the environment (Veitía and Ferroud, 2015). This method deals with the use of a biocatalyst for the mediation of a chemical reaction and for the synthesis of an organic chemical. Biotransformation is currently playing a crucial role in many industries, including animal feedstock, chiral drug formation and vitamin production. Even the use of microbes and enzyme for synthesis is expected to grow enormously since the industries are being forced by the public to shift toward ‘‘green chemistry’’, which uses safer and cleaner chemicals in their manufacturing processes and produces less toxic effluents (Doble et al., 2004).
Investment Dynamics in the World of Pharma
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
1. For a new human drug, the expense of doing the clinical effectiveness studies varies widely depending on the disease indication for which the drug is being developed and how long it takes to measure the primary efficacy endpoint. Recent estimates are that an entire development program, including toxicology and manufacturing, taken through approval costs between $2–3 billion; a significant portion of those costs is the clinical program (Moore et al. 2018). Note that this number has increased significantly and perhaps as much as doubled in recent years, partially influenced by smaller patient populations as indications are more narrowly defined with advanced diagnostics. Newer biological drugs also have a more complicated and expensive manufacturing process than organic chemicals (small molecules).
Immunomodulation of Cytokines and T Cells by Biologicals in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Ravinder N. Maini, Marc Feldmann
It should be stated at the outset that none of the biologicals in the stage of clinical trials thus far has shown such an ideal antirheumatoid profile. However, their development is in an early stage and important steps have been taken in identifying the most promising therapeutic targets. This has stimulated the search for orally administered organic chemical drugs that may in time supplant biologicals. Because of the specificity of biologicals, a unique opportunity has arisen for the investigation of molecular pathological characteristics and a deeper knowledge of the pathogenesis of RA.
Assessment of trace element toxicity in surface water of a fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a novel approach for ecological and health risk evaluation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Yeasmin Nahar Jolly, Bilkis Ara Begum, Tasrina Rabia Choudhury, Konika Jannat Fatema, Md. Saiful Islam, Mir Mohammad Ali, Abubakr M. Idris
Total dissolved solids indicate the amount of chemical substances dissolved in the water. At increasing levels, palatability decreases. Levels in excess of 1000 mg/L may produce a bad taste. Water used for irrigation can vary greatly in quality depending upon type and quantity of dissolved salts. TDS consists of oxygen-demanding wastes, disease-causing agents, which can cause immense harm to public health. The presence of synthetic organic chemicals (fuels, detergents, paints, solvents, etc.) imparts objectionable and offensive tastes, odors and colors to fish and aquatic plants even when they are present in low concentrations (Sawyer et al. 1994, Leo and Dekkar 2000). Dissolved ions affect the pH of water, which in turn may influence the health of aquatic species. In our study, TDS level is below 20.30 mg/L which is far below the maximum tolerable limit set by WHO.
Reality and Legality: Disentangling What Is Actual from What Is Tolerated in Comparisons of Hemp Extracts with Pure CBD
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
In fact, not only are the secondary metabolites of any herb most accurately characterized as drugs, it is reasonable to expect that any given extract is composed of dozens, if not hundreds, of pharmacologically active (though not necessarily therapeutic) chemicals. The differentiation by DSHEA of these entities based on their source (e.g., plant vs petroleum) does not alter this reality. Beyond these simple semantics, legal definitions do nothing to change the physical underpinnings of pharmacology (e.g., mass effect, structure activity relationships, target affinity, EC50) which recognize that chemical structure, and not source, dictates activity. Furthermore, the fact that ingested organic chemicals can be expected to distribute into various tissues of the body as a function of physicochemical properties, rather than as a function of their point of origin, leaves us with an enduring question: What will be the effect of any given chemical on human health (Lipinski 2004)? Certainly, the definitions of “drug” and “dietary supplement” provided by DSHEA will continue to enable the supplement industry’s sale of poorly characterized chemicals attended by vague claims of health benefits, but they do nothing to mitigate the reality of pharmacological effects and toxicological risk that need to be addressed in any meaningful scientific discussion of these products.
DNA damage analysis concerning GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphism in gold jewellery workers from Peshawar Pakistan
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Muhammad Khisroon, Ajmal Khan, Asma Ayub, Ihsan Ullah, Javeed Farooqi, Abid Ullah
Gold jewellery workers are usually exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals originating during the purification process. The hazardous substances include NO, heavy metals, solvents, inorganic and organic chemicals, and these chemicals cause lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and DNA damage (Aitken and Curry 2011, Aitken et al. 2012). The current study was devised to evaluate the DNA damage among the gold jewellery workers using the alkaline comet assay if any. In the present study, a significant difference in DNA damage was observed in the gold jewellery workers as compared to controls (p < 0.05). likewise, Arun et al. (2016) found a significant increase in DNA damage among the men working in the gold jewellery manufacturing industry. In a similar study Jayakumar and Sasikala (2008) reported an increased level of DNA damage in jewellery workers. Similarly, Yadav and Seth (1998) observed a significant increase (p < 00.5) in total chromosomal aberrations in the goldsmiths occupationally exposed to nitric oxide as compared to controls.