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Supplements
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
In a study of dietary supplements, we found two stimulants which the FDA, the agency responsible for the regulation of supplements in the US, has attempted to remove from supplements, 1,3-DMAA and 1,3-DMBA, and two new experimental stimulants, octodrine and 1,4-DMAA. Of the four stimulants, only the stimulant octodrine has previously been marketed as an oral drug, and the recommended serving size found in our study was greater than twice the highest pharmaceutical dose previously available. In animal models, all four of these compounds have pressor effects. The FDA has warned that one of these stimulants, 1,3-DMAA, may pose cardiovascular risks, and it is possible that the other three stimulants may pose similar risks to consumers. Consumers should be warned about the presence of these four experimental stimulants in supplements. Until these stimulants are eliminated as supplement ingredients, we recommend that consumers avoid supplements labeled as containing 2-aminoisoheptane, 2-amino6methylheptane, DMHA or Aconitum kusnezoffii. Physicians should remain alert to the possibility that patients may be inadvertently exposed to experimental stimulants when consuming weight loss and sports supplements.
The scoop on brain health dietary supplement products containing huperzine A
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Cindy Crawford, Yan-Hong Wang, Bharathi Avula, Ji-Yeong Bae, Ikhlas A. Khan, Patricia A. Deuster
Besides huperzine, this study detected stimulants that should raise concern – and they were either claimed or un-claimed on product labels. Higenamine, being a WADA prohibited ingredient, might have profound effects on the heart and other organs [22]; hordenine has been shown to produce a positive inotropic effect on the heart, increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and increase the volume of peripheral blood flow, as reported in healthy dogs and mice [23]. Additional experiments concluded that hordenine acts indirectly as an adrenergic agent to produce pharmacological effects by releasing norepinephrine (NE) [23]. PEAs (often referred as phenylethylamine or beta-phenethylamine (β-phenethylamine)), and other stimulants including DMAA, DMHA (otherwise known as octodrine), and caffeine appear to be very popular ingredients in these brain supplements. Octodrine is an ingredient acting in a very similar manner to the popular DMAA, a central nervous stimulant shown to increase the uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline [24]. For most of these compounds, the authors were unable to find any human studies supporting their claims, with only in-vitro and/or animal studies reported.
Four experimental stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: 2-amino-6-methylheptane (octodrine), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) and 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA)
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Pieter A. Cohen, John C. Travis, Peter H. J. Keizers, Patricia Deuster, Bastiaan J. Venhuis
Preliminary studies have been published on the effects of octodrine in animals and humans. Approximately a dozen studies from the 1940s through the 1970s investigated the effects of octodrine in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs [15,16,33–41]. These studies found that octodrine can increase blood pressure and cardiac output in larger animals [34–41]. Central nervous system stimulation has been suggested by studies of rats and mice [34,35,39]. Acute toxicity studies in cats found toxic doses of the drug led to dilated pupils, vomiting and convulsions [34].