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Supplements
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
Most governments, including the US government, do not have effective regulations in place to protect consumers. A good example to illustrate this problem is the case of methylhexaneamine, an amphetamine-like stimulant first detected in 31 anti-doping samples in 2009 and subsequently linked to severe adverse events among athletes, military, and the general public. Despite multiple Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enforcement actions in 2013 and every year since, methylhexaneamine is still present in dietary supplements and causing serious harm. In another study, researchers examined 27 brands of supplements on sale after FDA recalls and found that 2 out of 3 were still adulterated with banned drugs. Despite attempts to introduce new legislation or tighten existing ones, the number of adulterated dietary supplements is ever present. The US government currently does not have effective tools to remove dangerous products from the market and therefore it is critical that coaches, parents, and others involved in administering youth sport organizations receive education about managing the risks posed by adulterated dietary supplements.
-Dimethylethylamine (DMAA)
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
1,3-Dimethylethylamine (DMAA), also known as methylhexanamine, is an amphetamine derivative originally patented as a nasal decongestant, then subsequently withdrawn as an approved pharmaceutical (Cohen, 2012; Gee et al., 2012). DMAA has recently reemerged as an ingredient in dietary supplements, especially products aimed at weight loss and exercise performance (e.g. pre-workout products and energy drinks). Its presence in supplements was considered legitimate because trace amounts were reported as naturally occurring in oil from the geranium plant (Pelargonium graveolens), suggesting DMAA was a natural product. There has been significant controversy about whether geranium oil does in fact contain DMAA, with some studies saying yes (Fleming et al., 2012; Gauthier, 2013; Li et al., 2012; Rodricks and Lumpkin, 2013), and some saying no (Austin et al., 2014; Cohen, 2012; Zhang et al., 2012).
DropWise: current role and future perspectives of dried blood spots (DBS), blood microsampling, and their analysis in sports drug testing
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2023
M. Thevis, Katja Walpurgis, A. Thomas
A comprehensive stability study including several model compounds from different classes of performance-enhancing agents (e.g. anabolic agents, β2-agonists, hormone and metabolic modulators, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics, glucocorticoids, and beta-blockers) has been conducted by Thomas and coworkers [40]. Whole blood fortified with 500 ng/mL of the different analytes was spotted onto DMPK-C cellulose cards, which were then stored for 365 days under varying conditions (RT/4 °C/–20 °C, with/without desiccant, light/darkness), and finally analyzed by LC-HRMS. In Figure 3, the results for two model compounds (morphine and methylhexanamine) are displayed. While no significant analyte degradation was observed for morphine, methylhexanamine values were found to slightly decrease over time, especially when samples were stored at RT. This observation can probably be attributed to evaporation, as methylhexanamine has a significantly lower boiling point than morphine (130 °C vs. 254 °C). Of note, reanalysis of spots from these DBS cards after a total storage time of three years at −20 °C still yielded good detectability of all included compounds.