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Quality Control of Ayurvedic Medicines
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
V. Remya, Maggie Jo Alex, Alex Thomas
During growth on herbal substrates, some molds produce mycotoxins. Some of these substances like aflatoxins and ochratoxin A can be secondary metabolites, while others like fumonisins may be hydrophilic. Mycotoxins can be formed during cultivation or wild growth of the plant or during the storage of the harvested crude herb. Some ayurvedic herbs like licorice root may be contaminated by ochratoxin A. This toxin is produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium verrucosum and several other species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Ochratoxin A is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic (Anonymous 2015).
Ochratoxins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Josué Delgado, Miguel A. Asensio, Félix Núñez
OTA is a mycotoxin produced by the secondary metabolism of some filamentous fungi. It was first isolated in 1965 from a culture of A. ochraceus. Subsequent studies have revealed that a variety of fungal species included in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are able to produce ochratoxins, but also Neopetromyces muricatus has been reported to produce this mycotoxin.11Aspergillus genus contains at least 17 producing species, belonging to three different sections: Circumdati, Flavi, and Nigri.12Penicillium has two producer species: P. verrucosum and P. nordicum.13
Antifungal Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
This fungus is known to produce the toxin ochratoxin A, one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, and citrinin. It also produces the dihydroisocoumarin mellein. It is a filamentous fungus in nature and has characteristic biseriate conidiophores. Traditionally a soil fungus, it has now begun to adapt to varied ecological niches, like agricultural commodities, farmed animals, and marine species. In humans and animals, the consumption of this fungus produces chronic neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Its airborne spores are one of the potential causes of asthma in children and lung diseases in humans. The pig and chicken populations in the farms are the most affected by this fungus and its mycotoxins (Bennet and Klich 2003).
Ochratoxin a in breast milk in Morocco: the affecting dietary habits of the lactating mothers and the degree of exposure of newborns “CONTAMILK study”
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Abha Cherkani-Hassani, Imane Ghanname, Abdellah Zinedine, Hassan Sefrioui, Zineb Qmichou, Nezha Mouane
Ochratoxin A (OTA) a is a mycotoxin produced specially by Penicillium verrucosum in temperate or cold climates and by a number of species of Aspergillus genus in warmer and tropical parts of the world (Pitt 1987). This mycotoxin is frequently found in animal feed and human food, such as, cereals, beans, dried fruits, cacao, coffee, spices, wine, beer, etc. (Araguás et al.2005, Nguyen et al.2007, Pfohl-Leszkowicz et al.2004, Speijers and Van Egmond 1993). OTA has been shown to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic to several species of animals and to cause kidney and liver tumors in mice and rats (Tao et al.2018) and it is classified by the IARC “International Agency for research in cancer” in Group 2B as “ possibly carcinogenic for humans” (IARC 1993).
Biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Akansha Shrivastava, Rakesh Kumar Sharma
Molecularly imprinted polymers are synthetic materials mimicking molecular recognition by different biological elements and receptors. Binding cavities with a specific shape, size, and functional groups complementary to the template are created within the polymer matrix to mimic natural recognition entities like antibodies or other bioreceptors (Zamora-Gálvez et al. 2017). They are known for their robustness, resistance to changing temperature and pressure. It is an efficient and powerful tool for the extraction and detection of ochratoxin from a food sample. Many MIPs based biosensor have been explored such as electrochemical based biosensor, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and optical biosensors but MIP based electrochemical biosensors are quite popular (Ashley et al. 2017). MIP electrochemical biosensor designed for ochratoxin detection prepared by electro-polymerization of pyrrole with OTA as a template molecule. For further enhancement in its sensitivity, it was also assisted with magnetic nanoparticles leading to a new perspective for sensing purposes (Turan and Şahin 2016).
Biomonitoring of mycotoxin exposure using urinary biomarker approaches: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Larissa Tuanny Franco, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Sarah Hwa In Lee, Carlos Augusto Fernandes Oliveira
Considering the biomonitoring of mycotoxin intake, some achievements successfully were reported regarding using of biomarkers of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins. In this regard, the higher concentrations of ochratoxin A have been detected in blood samples among the people who suffer from kidney or urinary disorders while compared with healthy people, demonstrating the good correlation between blood levels and dietary intake and of this mycotoxin (Scott 2005). Moreover, the application of serum aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts as a suitable biomarker of aflatoxin exposure was reported in the conducted analyses regarding both human and experimental samples (Cano-Sancho et al.2010). In this regard, the urinary aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine adduct was used in the laboratory scale with human samples, and according to results, the acute exposure to (AFB1) was estimated (Groopman et al.1992a, 1992b).