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Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata IAMC-28 (Figure 23.1) was inoculated and cultivated while stationary under illumination in Noro medium MgCl2·6H2O (1.5 g), MgSO4·7H2O (0.5 g), KCl (0.2 g), CaCl2·2H2O (0.2 g), KNO3 (1.0 g), NaHCO3 (0.43 g), TRIS (2.45 g), K2HPO4 (0.045 g), Fe-EDTA (3.64 mg), EDTA-2Na (1.89 mg), ZnSO4·7H2O (1.5 g), H3BO2 (0.61 mg), CoCl2·6H2O (0.015 mg), CuSO4·5H2O (0.06 mg), MnCl2·4H2O (0.23 mg), and (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O (0.38 mg), in distilled H2O 1 L (pH 8.0). Czapek-peptone medium (1.5% sucrose, 1.5% glucose, 0.5% polypeptone, 0.1% K2HPO4, 0.05% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.05% KCl, and 0.001% FeSO4·7H2O, in distilled water [pH 7.0]) was used for the biotransformation of substrate by microorganism. Aspergillus niger was isolated in our laboratories from soil in Osaka prefecture and was identified according to its physiological and morphological characters.
Fumonisins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Alicia Rodríguez, Agustín Ariño, Marta Herrera, Juan J. Córdoba
Fumonisins are toxic metabolites produced by different species belonging mainly to the genus Fusarium.1 Specifically, they are mainly produced by Fusarium species from the Liseola section.2Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum are the main producing species, but fumonisins’ production depends on both the strain and the culture conditions.1 Other species, including Fusarium napiforme, Fusarium dlamini, and Fusarium nygamai, also produce fumonisins.3 In addition, several species belonging to other genera have also been found to produce fumonisins in vitro, such as Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and Aspergillus niger.4,5 Of more than 15 fumonisins described, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most important in terms of toxicity.2,6
Intracellular and Extracellular Structures
Published in Philip T. Cagle, Timothy C. Allen, Mary Beth Beasley, Diagnostic Pulmonary Pathology, 2008
Rose C. Anton, Philip T. Cagle
Calcium oxalate crystals may also be seen within giant cells associated with granulomatous inflammation and may be present adjacent to blue bodies. These crystals are evident within the giant cells as glassy, irregular sheets with sharp edges; they range in size from 1 to 20 μm. Although optically clear, they are birefringent and easily identifiable under polarized light (Fig. 3). Aspergillus niger is unique to the Aspergillus sp. in that it may produce calcium oxalate crystals. A careful examination should be performed to prevent these crystals from being confused with foreign bodies.
Early diagnosis of aspergillosis in asthmatic and rheumatoid arthritis patients by Aspergillus galactomannan antigen assay: a case-control study in Karbala providence
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Ali Abdul Hussein S. Al-Janabi, Roaa Noori Ali
From the results of this study, aspergillosis as indicated by GM was found higher among apparently healthy male individuals than in other patient groups. This could be illustrated by two possible explanations; the first is that individuals had an early development of aspergillosis without a specific symptom and the second is that a GM test may give a false-positive result. In general, individuals with a good immune system are often under the risk of aspergillosis. Patients with either RA or RA and asthma are more susceptible to acquired aspergillosis, especially aspergilloma or fungal ball (13). Aspergillus fumigatus was diagnosed as a causative agent of pleural aspergillosis in healthy individuals without any predisposing factors or lung pathology (14). This was also noticed with invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus niger which was diagnosed in immunocompetent individuals (13). Aspergilloma is usually encouraged to develop when the inhaled fungal spore grows in lung cavities resulting from previous diseases such as TB and sarcoidosis (2). Thus, antibodies against such undetectable infections give a positive result in healthy individuals. Otherwise, ELISA for GM is more specific to detect early invasive aspergillosis with 90% sensitivity and 84% specificity (15). On the other hand, a false-positive result for the GM serological tests was recorded by many studies. These results may be associated with the presence of fungal infections with other than Aspergillus types or may relate to treatment with antibiotics (16). About 12% of invasive aspergillosis gave a false-positive for GM by ELISA (17).
Fungal Keratitis in the Egyptian Delta: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Microbiological Diagnosis
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Nashwa Sadik, Sara Mohamed Elzeiny, Yasmine Emad Ali, Doaa Sobeih
Among the fungal strains detected in corneal culture, filamentary fungi were the most common with Aspergillus fungal growth in 70.2% specimens. Of the Aspergillus fungal growth detected, 71.6% of them were proved Aspergillus niger. This was followed by Dematiceous fungi found in 14.6% of culture samples. Penicillium was found in 7%, Mucor in 6.4% and Candida species were found in 4.6% of the patients. Other fungal strains were detected in the remaining 5% of cases including two Fusarium cases (1.2%), shown in Table 1. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the main bacterial strains detected in mixed bacterial strains group as shown in Table 2.
Post-cataract Surgery Fungal Endophthalmitis: Management Outcomes and Prognostic Factors
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Sagnik Sen, Prajna Lalitha, Chitaranjan Mishra, Haemoglobin Parida, Gunasekaran Rameshkumar, Naresh Babu Kannan, Kim Ramasamy
The nature of fungus is an important prognostic factor for outcomes. In our series, Aspergillus sp. was found to be most prevalent (64.7%), similar to previous reports.2 Previously, authors have observed that Aspergillus niger is a common environmental pollutant and may cause post-operative infections associated with poor prognosis.33 An interesting point to note is that both our cases positive for A. terreus presented with corneal involvement and ended up requiring evisceration. Hachem et al. have demonstrated that A. terreus is associated with lower treatment response than non-terreus Aspergillus species.34 Corneal involvement may be a separate prognostic factor for outcome. In our series, 35.2% of total eyes presented with corneal involvement, out of which 50% ended in phthisis, 33% had evisceration, and 1 eye needed penetrating keratoplasty. Only one such eye could be salvaged with deep corneal neovascularization and suboptimal visual gain. Also, 83.3% of cases involving cornea showed positivity to Aspergillus sp. Cornea involving cases may present early, indicating a large load of fungal inoculum introduced though the cataract surgery wounds (phacoemulsification wound infiltrates/scleral tunnel abscess).