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Common Cosmetic Ingredients: Chemistry, Actions, Safety and Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Cresols (p-chloro-m-cresol [PCMC or chlorocresol], sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresol, carvacrol, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol) can be absorbed across the skin when applied in high concentrations, as well as promote the absorption of other compounds. At high concentrations, the cresols can cause significant dermal irritation. At lower concentrations that are generally used in skin care products and cosmetics, significant dermal irritation has been recorded for a number of the cresols. However, the agents PCMC, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol generally did not cause dermal irritation at low concentrations (Andersen, 2006).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Plant yields 1 to 2% of a yellow or greenish volatile oil. Pulegone content ranges from 9% in Brazilian varieties, to 16 to 30% in the U.S. varieties, to 80 to 94% in European varieties.3 Fujita and Fujita report the following among the autoxidation products and neutral compounds of the essential oil: alpha-pinene, beta pinene, limonene, 3-octanone, p-cymene, 3-octylacetate, 3-octanoI, l-octen-3-ol, 3-methylcyclohexanone, menthone, isomenthone, isopulegone. pulegone, piperitone, as- and rraHS-pulegone oxide, piperitenone, dehydrox-ymethofuran-oxide, menthofuran oxide, caryophyllene, beta-humulene, and paraffins. Among the acidic compounds and autoxidation products were launc acid, mynstic acid, palmitic acid, beta-methyl-adipic acid, beta-methyl-delta-isobutyryl-valeric acid, phenol, o-cresol, p-cresol, salicylaldehyde, and eugeonal. Diosmin and hesperidin are also reported.33 Dry seeds contain 24.6% protein, 26.6% fat, 11.1% ash, 0.9% Ca, 0.5% Na. and 1 5% K.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Cresol is used as a disinfectant, as an ore flotation agent, as a preservative in railroad ties, and as an intermediate in the manufacturing of chemicals, dyes, plastics, and antioxidants. Tricresol phosphate is used as a jet engine fuel. A mixture of isomers is generally used; the concentrations of the components are determined by the source of the cresol. o-Cresol is also a metabolite of toluene in the urine of humans.
Lymphocytes DNA damages and exposure to chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, penconazole, copper oxicloride
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Giovanni Maria Ferri, Domenica Cavone, Marcantonio Dambrosio, Graziana Intranuovo, Nunzia Schiavulli, Francesco Birtolo, Valeria Vilardi, Maria Celeste Delfino, Linda Macinagrossa, Vincenzo Corrado, Luigi Vimercati
In this area, the most used insecticides are Chlorpyrifos, Deltamethrin and Horticultural Mineral Oils (HOMs). The characteristic of the first two were well described in previous experiences (George and Shukla 2013, Intranuovo et al. 2018, Thakur et al.2018). The HMOs [CAS no: 8020_83-5] are defined ‘biorational’ insecticides. This kind of insecticides are defined as ‘any type of natural or synthetic material active against pest populations but relatively innocuous to non-target organism, and therefore non-disruptive to biological control’ (Liu and Stansly 1995). They are used mainly against the mites but also against whiteflies, aphids and jumping lice of plants. Their association with the DNOC (Dinitro-O-cresol) was useful against the mites but now is banned, because of the toxicity of this compound. The ‘White’ mineral oils are instead only irritating.
High-sugar, high-fat, and high-protein diets promote antibiotic resistance gene spreading in the mouse intestinal microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Rong Tan, Min Jin, Yifan Shao, Jing Yin, Haibei Li, Tianjiao Chen, Danyang Shi, Shuqing Zhou, Junwen Li, Dong Yang
Principal component analysis (PCoA) of metabolites revealed significant differences between the metabolites of high-sugar, high-fat, and high-protein diets and the control group (Figure 1d-e, Table 1). Analysis of specific metabolites showed that there were significant differences in some lipids, amino acids, and fatty acids, and many metabolites were associated with inflammation pathways. Furthermore, we assessed metabolites that may damage the intestinal mucosal barrier and cause inflammation, such as o-cresol, stearic acid, palmitic acid, indoxylsulfuric acid, acetamide, and 4-hexyloxyanilane, and proline, which were significantly higher in the high-sugar and high-fat groups than in the control group (p < .05). Compared with the control group, except for palmitic acid and 4-hexyloxyanilane (p > .05), the other metabolites associated with inflammation in the high-protein group were at significantly higher levels (p < .05). In addition, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including methylpentanoic acid, imidazoleacetic acid, 3-ureldopropionic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid were detected, and SCFAs in the high-sugar and high-fat groups were significantly lower than in the control group (p < .05). Except for γ-aminobutyric acid (p > .05), other SCFAs in the high-protein group were significantly less abundant than those in the control group (p < .05). In addition, several amino acids were analyzed, and levels of L-5-hydroxytryptophan and phenylalanine in the high-sugar, high-fat, and high-protein groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < .05). Tyrosine in the high-sugar and high-fat groups was significantly lower than in the control group (p < .05), and there was no significant difference compared with the high-protein group (Figure 1f).
A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Laura Campo, Petra Bechtold, Lucia Borsari, Silvia Fustinoni
An increase of t,t-MA and o-cresol was first reported among 42 Flemish adolescents residing near two shut down waste incinerators (Staessen et al. 2001), however, in a later and larger study, including 207 adolescents living in proximity of six operating SWIs, this was not confirmed (Schroijen et al. 2008). No association between BTEX exposure, evaluated by urinary BTEX, and SWI emission was reported also by a small recent Italian study including 65 subjects living near the local modern MSWI (Ranzi et al. 2013).