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Spices as Eco-friendly Microbicides: From Kitchen to Clinic
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Several combinations of spice essential oils were tested by García-Díez and coworkers (2017) using the checkerboard assay, for possible synergism among different essential oils in order to control food borne pathogens Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thyme-cumin combination achieved 30-fold decrease in the MIC of cumin essential oil against Salmonella spp., about 60-fold against E. coli and 12-fold against S. aureus. Similarly thyme/cinnamon, thyme/garlic cinnamon/cumin, cinnamon/parsley combinations showed a decrease in MIC values from 2 to 60-fold depending on bacterial species. The agar well diffusion method has been used by some workers (Chowdhury et al. 2019) to determine potential synergism among spice extracts against E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, S. aureus, Ba. cereus, S. typhi and Pseudomonas sp. The combination of garlic-turmeric, garlic-ginger, garlic-cinnamon and also turmeric-cinnamon showed synergistic properties against all of the tested bacteria. Denture Stomatitis (DS) or chronic erythematous candidiasis is associated with Candida albicans and S. aureus. Nystatin is recommended for oral and chronic erythematous candidiasis. To justify any synergic action, Zainal et al. 2021 identified synergistic action of nystatin with allicin for C. albicans and allicin-Chlorhexidine combination for S. aureus.
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Treatment of Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnancy is typically limited to topical azoles and nystatin (16,25). For many years, nystatin was the primary drug used for Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnancy because its extremely poor absorption was felt to improve its safety (pregnancy category B) (25). As studies have proven, the increased efficacy of the azole antifungal agents, miconazole, clotrimazole, butoconazole, and terconazole, has become the mainstays of therapy in pregnancy. They have been used extensively in human pregnancy with no adverse effects or increase in congenital malformations noted, but most remain pregnancy category C due to the absence of adequate controlled human studies. There is no clear leader from this group in terms of efficacy and patient satisfaction, so selection may be based on availability and cost. Seven-day treatment is usually needed in pregnancy due to the higher rates of treatment failure and recurrence. Cure rates are typically 5% to 10% lower than those in nonpregnant women for the same dosing regimen.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Nystatin is a macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. Nystatin is a topical and oral antifungal agent with activity against many species of yeast and Candida albicans, which is used largely to treat skin and oropharyngeal candidiasis. Nystatin is poorly absorbed from the gut. This agent acts by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of susceptible species resulting in a change in membrane permeability and the subsequent leakage of intracellular components. Nystatin is indicated for treatment of cutaneous or mucocutaneous mycotic infections caused by Candida species (1).
Prevention and treatment of burn wound infections: the role of topical antimicrobials
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Deepak K. Ozhathil, Steven E. Wolf
Comments: Silver Sulfadiazine is the most well-known and broadly utilized antimicrobial agent for partial and full thickness burns. It was originally introduced in 1968 as Silvadene® by the Marion Corporation, but now is produced by several companies all over the world. It is bactericidal against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas species). It has moderate activity against yeast (Candida albicans) and viruses. Its anti-fungal activity is limited, therefore, many formulations add Nystatin to augment its coverage [41]. Isolated reports of resistance with Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella were have occurred due to resistance genes transmissible via plasmids, but there is no evidence of widespread resistance [1,42]. Silver sulfadiazine is well-tolerated by patients due to its cooling effect. Application is also easy, though can be toxic with oral ingestion and ocular exposure.
Antimicrobial activity of denture adhesive associated with Equisetum giganteum- and Punica granatum-enriched fractions against Candida albicans biofilms on acrylic resin surfaces
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Nara Ligia Martins Almeida, Luiz Leonardo Saldanha, Rafaela Alves da Silva, Karen Henriette Pinke, Eliane Ferraz da Costa, Vinicius Carvalho Porto, Anne Lígia Dokkedal, Vanessa Soares Lara
Although the use of nystatin causes some side effects, such as unpleasant tastes, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain and the recurrence of inflammation, due to C. albicans resistance (Mansourian et al. 2014), it is important to emphasize the role of nystatin as a conventional antifungal agent for the treatment of fungal infections, including DS. This work does not propose replacing nystatin, but rather to suggest that the addition of herbal medicine extracts with antimicrobial properties, such as E. giganteum and P. granatum or their molecules that are responsible for this action, could maximize the benefits of using denture adhesive in the case of completely removable denture wearers. Moreover, this combination will allow antimicrobial agents to remain close to both the internal surface of the base of the contaminated dental prosthesis and the oral mucosa surface, enabling preventive and therapeutic actions.
Mycotic infections – mucormycosis and oral candidiasis associated with Covid-19: a significant and challenging association
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Manjusha Nambiar, Sudhir Rama Varma, Mohamed Jaber, S. V. Sreelatha, Biju Thomas, Arathi S. Nair
Nystatin’s oral suspension (100,000 IU/ml and 400,000–600,000 IU/ml) is available as an oral rinse for oral candidiasis treatment [11,14]. The oral suspension of nystatin can be discontinued after 48 hours following the disappearance of perioral symptoms [15]. 10 mg of Clotrimazole 10 mg tablets are also used for the management of oropharyngeal candidiasis. 200 mg Fluconazole tablets, 200 mg are used, administered on the first day of antifungal therapy, followed by 100–200 mg of fluconazole daily for the next 7–14 days [16]. Fluconazole suspension is also available as an oral rinse. Denture wearers should be advised to perform regular disinfection of acrylic partial or complete dentures by soaking them in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes [11,17].