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Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Vetiver and patchouli are two oils of great importance in perfumery (Williams, 1996, 2004). Both contain complex mixtures of sesquiterpenoids, mostly with complex polycyclic structures (Sell, 2003). The major components of vetiver oil are a-vetivone (136), b-vetivone (137), and khusimol (119), but the most important components as far as odor is concerned are minor constituents such as khusimone (151), zizanal (152), and methyl zizanoate (153). Nootkatone (154) is an isomer of a-vetivone and is an important odor component of grapefruit. Patchouli alcohol (145) is the major constituent of patchouli oil but, as is the case also with vetiver, minor components are more important for the odor profile. These include norpatchoulenol (155) and nortetrapatchoulol (156) (Figure 6.26).
Nootkatone
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Nootkatone [4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-6-isopropenyl-4,4a-dimethyl-2(3H)-naphthalenone], a kind of sesquiterpenoid, was first isolated from the heartwood of Alaska yellow cedar, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Erdtman and Hirose, 1962). Traceable amounts of nootkatone are found in major Citrus species such as grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), and a whole grapefruit contains approximately 100mg of nootkatone, mainly in the peel. Nootkatone is now available through technological advances such as chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and biotransformation. Nootkatone has a grapefruit-like flavour, tastes slightly bitter, and has an odour threshold of ~1mg/L water. Nootkatone is used as a flavouring compound.
Pomelo peel oil suppresses TNF-α-induced necroptosis and cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury in a rat model of cardiac arrest
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Wenyan Wang, Lu Xie, Xinsen Zou, Wanxiang Hu, Xinyue Tian, Gaoyang Zhao, Menghua Chen
A total of 17 compounds were identified by GC–MS analysis of PPO (Table 1). The detected compounds accounted for 99.857% of the total sample. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) is shown in Figure 1. The most abundant compounds identified in PPO were terpenoids. PPO also contained small quantities of alcohols and alkanes. The main constituents in descending order of content were limonene (89.748%), nootkatone (5.526%), myrcene (1.03%), limonene oxide (0.72%), α-gurjunene (0.344%), caryophyllene (0.321%), α-terpineol (0.319%) and γ-terpinene (0.316%). In addition, PPO contained other terpenoids, steroids and eicosane (Table 1).
Schizandrin A ameliorates cognitive functions via modulating microglial polarisation in Alzheimer’s disease mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Qi Wang, Li Liu, Huibo Guan, Yanyan Zhou, Quan Li
Many Chinese patent medicines containing S. chinensis have been used in the treatment of various diseases, such as Shengmai and Wuzhi capsule. For example, Shengmai exerts a positive effect on heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Zhou et al. 2014; Huang et al. 2019). Wuzhi capsule has a efficacy in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the underlying mechanism likely involves the PPAR-α/γ and NF-κB signalling pathways (Chen et al. 2019). Additionally, S. chinensis is also as a dietary supplement contained in various multi-ingredient products sold in the United States (Lyles et al. 2017). The dietary supplement containing S. chinensis, Swedish Herbal Institute Adapt-232, can effectively improve the attention and cognitive accuracy of depression patients (Aslanyan et al. 2010). Adjuvant therapy with Chisan® (Adapt-232) has a positive effect on the recovery of patients with acute non-specific pneumonia (Narimanian et al. 2005). A plant preparation AdMax containing S. chinensis prevents chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression in patients with ovarian cancer (Kormosh et al. 2006). Moreover, accumulation researches have determined the biological role of Sch A in the progression of AD. For example, Sch A exerts a protective effect on AD rats by ameliorating cognitive impairments, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuroinflammation (Hu et al. 2019). Sch A combined with nootkatone coordinately inhibits inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy through PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, thus exerts a neuroprotective role in AD progression (Qi et al. 2020). Wei et al. (2018) have confirmed that Sch A can regulate the levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the brain tissues, thereby reducing Aβ deposition and improving the learning and memory ability in APP/PS1 mice. Consistently, the present study also found the protective effect of Sch A on AD mice. Sch A treatment effectively improved spatial learning and memory ability and repressed cell apoptosis in the brain tissues in AD mice. The levels of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 were reduced in AD mice following Sch A treatment. Moreover, we focussed on exploring whether Sch A can improve AD by regulating microglial polarisation.