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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Nitrofurazone is a nitrofuran topical antibacterial agent with bactericidal activity against a number of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; it does also have significant activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marcescens. Nitrofurazone is indicated for the topical treatment of bacterial skin infections including pyodermas, infected dermatoses and infections of cuts, wounds, burns and ulcers caused by susceptible organisms. Nitrofurazone was formerly used orally in humans. Veterinary use is mainly in the treatment and prophylaxis of coccidiosis in poultry and necrotic enteritis in pigs, both by administering the drug systemically and adding it to animal feed (1).
Nitrofurans: Nitrofurazone, Furazidine, and Nitrofurantoin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Angela Huttner, Andrew Stewardson
Nitrofurazone is now mainly of historical interest, with most descriptions of use being in the food and veterinary literature (Tian et al., 2014). This agent is active in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Clostridia, Salmonella, and Shigella species. It is less active against Proteus and Serratia species and virtually inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Chamberlain, 1976). Nitrofurazone has been mainly used for topical chemotherapy of wounds, burns, and skin infections, and for infection in skin grafts (Norman et al., 2016). However, the cream and soluble dressing containing 0.2% nitrofurazone are no longer commercially available in most countries. The drug is absorbed from the skin, and 1.1% of a daily dose applied to intact skin can be recovered in the urine (Chamberlain, 1976). Nitrofurazone has also been used as a bladder irrigant. Urinary catheters coated with a matrix containing nitrofurazone have been used in an attempt to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Johnson et al., 1993; Lam et al., 2014).
The Renewal of Interest in Nitroaromatic Drugs
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Nicolas Primas, Caroline Ducros, Patrice Vanelle, Pierre Verhaeghe
In the 1940s, nitroaromatic compounds showed their potential as chemotherapeutic agents. Many furans were synthesized as part of the search for new antibacterials. The particular ability of a nitro group in the 5th position of 2-substituted furans to confer antibacterial activity was clearly demonstrated (Dodd et al. 1944). The chemotherapeutic activity was displayed by a number of semicarbazone substituted nitrofurans. This work led to the nitrofuran antibacterial nitrofurazone (1) (Furacin®) (Main 1947, Dodd et al. 1950). The same drug also showed curative properties against experimental T. b. gambiense infections in mice (Packchanian 1955). The oral bioavailability of nitrofurazone (1) and its capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) encouraged the first trials in patients infected by T. b. gambiense (Evens et al. 1957) or T. b. rhodesiense (Apted 1960). However, although these trials were mainly conducted in patients refractory to the other current treatments (pentamidine (2), suramin (3), melarsoprol (4), Figure 3), cure rates were variable and toxicities related to the nitrodrug appeared (Williamson 1962a, b), leading to the suspension of trials with nitrofurazone (1). However, its efficacy continued to be assessed on other NTDs: an animal model of Chagas disease (Packchanian 1957) and both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases (Neal et al. 1988). Unfortunately, it showed a low level of in vivo efficacy and the evaluations were stopped. Structures of some non-nitrated antitrypanosomatid drugs.
The effect of shock waves on mineralization and regeneration of distraction zone in osteoporotic rabbits
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Enes Özkan, Erman Şenel, Mehmet Cihan Bereket, Mehmet Emin Önger
The animals to be operated on were not fed the previous day. Each animal was administered 50 mg/kg ketamine HCL and 8 mg/kg xylazine HCL intramuscularly for general anaesthesia. Before the procedure, cefazolin sodium 50 mg/kg for prophylaxis and tramadol 1 mg/kg for analgesia were given by intramuscular injection. After shaving the abdomen of the anaesthetized animals, they were wiped with a povidone-iodine solution providing antisepsis in the surgical area. In the experimental groups which were to have an ovariectomy, the abdominal cavity was opened with a 4 cm laparotomy incision on the midline of the abdomen. After reaching the ovaries, the mesovarium and fallopian tube were ligated and the ovarian tissues on both sides were excised. In the subjects in the Cont group, the ovarian tissues were accessed after the abdominal cavity was opened similarly but were left in situ without being excised. All animals abdominal wall, subcutaneous, and skin tissues were sutured in layers and then closed. The procedure was concluded by applying antiseptic and antibiotic wound pomade, nitrofurazone 0.2%. After surgery, animals were placed in cages and intramuscular injections of cefazolin sodium 50 mg/kg and tramadol HCl 1 mg/kg were administered for three days in the postoperative period to prevent infection and provide analgesia. A period of 12 weeks were waited for the development of osteoporosis (Figure 1).
Clinical and pharmacological profile of benznidazole for treatment of Chagas disease
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Jadel Müller Kratz, Facundo Garcia Bournissen, Colin J. Forsyth, Sergio Sosa-Estani
The identification in the 1950s of nitrofurazone as an active compound against Trypanosoma species pointed to the potential of nitroheterocyclic compounds as antiparasitic agents for treating human African trypanosomiasis and CD [23]. Although nitrofurazone did not provide optimal efficacy and safety in humans, this earlier investigation led to the identification and development of BZN and NFX, both nitroaromatic compounds, for treatment of CD [23–27].
Local drug delivery in the urinary tract: current challenges and opportunities
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Rahul Mittal, Debbie R. Pan, James M. Parrish, Eric H. Huang, Yao Yang, Amit P. Patel, Arul K. Malhotra, Jeenu Mittal, Sanjay Chhibber, Kusum Harjai
Indwelling urethral catheters are a common source of nosocomial UTIs, so catheter modifications can be important means of preventing UTIs. Antimicrobial-coated catheters are emerging as an innovative preventative therapy and have shown potential in numerous animal models as well as in clinical trials [68–70]. In one randomised controlled trial, a study compared a commercially available antimicrobial silicone Foley catheter to their novel catheter [68]. The novel catheter continually releases ionic silver and is coupled with an anti-reflux valve and antimicrobial polyurethane polymer matrix, which is impregnated with copper and silver to thwart ascending infections from the collection bag. In the evaluable population (i.e. no post-operative antibiotics), 61 patients were randomised to either the control or novel catheter system. There was a significant delay to an asymptomatic bacteriuria event in the novel catheter group compared to control. Of note, the novel catheter group had no gram-negative bacteria in the collected urine specimens. Apart from ionic silver, antimicrobial agents can be impregnated on catheters as well. A double-blind, randomised controlled trial was carried out in 212 patients to determine if nitrofurazone-impregnated catheters reduced the occurrence of bacteriuria and funguria [69]. Patients were randomly given either standard silicone or nitrofurazone-impregnated catheters. Based on urine cultures, the nitrofurazone-impregnated catheter group had a reduction in asymptomatic bacteriuria and funguria compared to the standard silicone catheter group. Furthermore, the nitrofurazone-impregnated catheter group had significantly longer onsets of bacteriuria and funguria as well as significantly fewer changes in antimicrobial therapy. Thus, impregnating the catheter with nitrofurazone reduced the possibility of developing UTIs. Based on these studies, chemically modified catheter surfaces seem to play an effective role in UTI prevention.