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Envisioning Utilization of Super Grains for Healthcare
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Nitrates are the essential components of the plants as they are the important nitrogen source for the optimum growth. But their presence in the diet interferes with the functionality of thyroid gland and interferes with the metabolism of the vitamin A. The reduced form (nitrites) of such compounds, through the synthesis of metmyoglobin, lead to cyanosis or in some cases the nitrites interact with amines (secondary or tertiary) resulting in the production of carcinogenic N-nitrous compound [107]. According to WHO, 0.06 and 3.7 mg/kg of body weight are the acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels for nitrite and nitrate ions, respectively [21].
Inhalational Durg Abuse
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard Rowley, Herbert D. Kleber, Peter Jatlow
Therapy in patients with syncope and cardiovascular collapse should be directed to relief of the hypotension and support of the cardiovascular system. In patients with history of volatile nitrites abuse leading to mental status alteration and significant methemoglobinemia, the administration of intravenous methylene blue can be life-saving (Shesser et al., 1981).
Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Metabolic Intermediates
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
It was formerly believed that a reason to avoid large oral doses of DMG existed. DMG had been shown to be converted to nitrososarcosine, a weak carcinogen, in mouse stomachs.567 Nitrite presence greatly increased the amount of nitrososarcosine formed. Nitrites are present in human saliva and many preserved meat products. Another form of commercial pangamic acid, DIPA-dichloroacetate, was shown to be mutagenic by the Ames test.568 It appears that many dietary tertiary amines are being considered as nitrosatable compounds capable of causing cancer in humans. However, recent work has cast doubt on the risk of carcinogen formation from DMG.569,570 First, the risk of formation of nitroso compounds from dietary levels of DMG and similar compounds is very low (less than 1 fmol of nitrosated DMG products), even if supplemental amounts (100 mg/d) are factored.569 Second, extensive repeat experiments with more rigorous procedural controls have not found mutagenic activity from DMG reacted with nitrite.570
Immunomodulatory activity of puerarin in RAW264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Yuexing Chang, Ailing Guo, Yanlin Jing, Junjie Lin, Yuanyuan Sun, Lulu Kong, Haohang Zheng, Yun Deng
RAW264.7 cells were seeded at 1 × 106 cells per well in 96-well microplates. After 2 h of incubation, the cells were pretreated with puerarin at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) in the presence or absence of LPS (10 µg/mL) for 24 h. NO levels were measured by Griess assay [26]. Subsequently, 50 µL of the cell culture supernatants were mixed with 50 µL reagents of Griess A and Griess B, followed by incubation for 10 min at room temperature (light protected). Absorbance values were evaluated using a microplate reader at 540 nm. Nitrite levels were measured by a standard curve prepared from sodium nitrite. To determine the secretion of TNF-α, the culture supernatant was collected and then assayed using mouse TNF-α ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
Nitrous anhydrase activity of carbonic anhydrase II: cysteine is required for nitric oxide (NO) dependent phosphorylation of VASP in human platelets
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Dimitrios Tsikas, Stepan Gambaryan
Nitrite and nitrate are metabolites of NO endogenously produced from L-arginine by the catalytic action of NO synthase (NOS). Exogenous nitrite and nitrate are also present in foods and drinking water and represent a considerable source of NO bioactivity via bacterial nitrate reductase activity in mouth and gut flora. Pharmacological nitrite, an NOS-independent source of NO, has protective effects in the cardiovascular system by decreasing blood pressure and inhibiting platelet activation5. Administration of nitrite has been reported to lower blood pressure and to inhibit platelet aggregation in vivo in humans and mice6,7. In contrast, nitrite added to washed human or mice platelets in vitro was found not to activate soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and not to inhibit platelet activation7,8. We supposed that the different effects of nitrite in vivo and in washed platelets in vitro might be connected with the absence of extra-cellular L-cysteine in washed platelet preparations. In our experiments with washed human platelets we tested this hypothesis and used L-cysteine at physiological concentrations.
Genomics of Detoxification: How Genomics can be Used for Targeting Potential Intervention and Prevention Strategies Including Nutrition for Environmentally Acquired Illness
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Sharon R. Hausman-Cohen, Lee J. Hausman-Cohen, Grant E. Williams, Carol E. Bilich
Another CYP1B1 substrate, N-nitrosamines are created as part of a reaction between nitrogen oxide and secondary amines. Nitrites, which are used as food preservatives—particularly in processed meats, generate these potentially carcinogenic compounds or “pro-carcinogens.” When these substances are enzymatically cleaved by CYP1B1, they become carcinogenic and can induce mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and result in DNA damage (57). CYP1B1 mediated increases in lipid and protein peroxidation also can contribute to significant tissue damage since lipids are an essential part of the membranes of cells. Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in cardiac disease, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, bipolar disorder, asthma and neurodegenerative diseases to name a few (58–62).