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Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
In order to obtain more pharmacologically active compounds, the secondary metabolites from crude drugs and animals, for example, nardosinone (376) isolated from the crude drug N. chinensis, which has been used for headache, stomachache, and diuresis, possesses antimalarial activity. Hinesol (384), possessing spasmolytic activity, obtained from A. lancea rhizoma, and animal perfume (−)-ambrox (391) from ambergris were biotransformed by A. niger, A. cellulosae, B. dothidea, and so on.
Nardostachys jatamansi (Spikenard) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Mani Iyer Prasanth, Premrutai Thitilertdecha, Dicson Sheeja Malar, Tewin Tencomnao, Anchalee Prasansuklab, James Michael Brimson
There have been multiple studies regarding N. jatamansi and Parkinson's disease models. In a 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease, N. jatamansi (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body wt.) injected over three weeks dose-dependently improved striatal dopamine content and restored the alterations in locomotor activity and muscle coordination of the 6-OHDA injected rats (Ahmad et al., 2006). This study also showed that a reduction in oxidative stress was significant to N. jatamansi's neuroprotective properties, with dose-dependent increases in superoxide dismutase activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase activity (Ahmad et al., 2006). Another study utilizing haloperidol-induced catalepsy as a Parkinson's disease model showed a hydroalcoholic extract of Nardostachys jatamansi at 30 and 100 mg/kg body wt. could significantly reduce the duration of haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Furthermore, in the same study, the N. jatamansi at 30 and 100 mg/kg body wt. reduced tacrin-induced vacuous chewing movements, orofacial bursts, and tongue protrusion. Finally, this study showed N. jatamansi could reverse reserpine-induced hypolocomotion (Giri et al., 2020). These effects on haloperidol-induced catalepsy by N. jatamansi have been independently confirmed in a separate rat study (Rasheed et al., 2010). Similar research utilizing reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia in rats showed that N. jatamansi treatment (100 and 300 mg/kg body wt.) could significantly inhibit reserpine-induced catalepsy and induced expression of protective antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase (Patil et al., 2012). In a rotenone-induced Parkinson's model in mice, the extract of N. jatamansi root, which contains the active compound nardosinone, effectively reduced Parkinson's disease symptoms in the rotenone-treated mice. Furthermore, this study showed that rotenone reduced dopamine receptor expression, and that N. jatamansi root extract could restore the dopamine receptor expression levels (Bian et al., 2021).
Nardostachys jatamansi and levodopa combination alleviates Parkinson’s disease symptoms in rats through activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NLRP3 signaling pathways
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Jiayuan Li, Jiahe Yu, Jianyou Guo, Jinfeng Liu, Guohui Wan, Xiaojia Wei, Xue Yang, Jinli Shi
Nardosinone was purchased from the Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (P19A10L86397, HPLC ≥98%, Shanghai, China). Anti-Nrf2 (12721S) antibody was purchased from CST (Boston, MA, USA). NLRP3 (ab263899), and anti-β-actin (ab227387) antibodies from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Anti-HO-1 (10701-1-AP) and anti-caspase-1 (22915-1-AP) antibodies from Proteintech (Chicago, IL, USA). Test kits for ROS, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (batch number: 20210617K); DA, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), (batch number: 20210618AS1); IL-18, IL-1β and TNF-α (batch number: 20210617C3) detection kits were purchased from Jiangsu Enzyme Industry Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). Levodopa was purchased from Beijing Dawning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H11021055, Beijing, China). Urethane was purchased from Shanghai Maclin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (C10821103, Shanghai, China). Rotenone was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (R105076, Shanghai, China).