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Motor development
Published in Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Lucy Sanctuary, Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 2021
Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Lucy Sanctuary
Genetic aberrations and environmental insults during early development can cause stable biological changes in neuronal formation, migration, synaptogenesis, white matter and neurotransmitters. These changes result in abnormalities of sensory perception, muscle tone, postural reflexes and balance, which create limitations of movement and postural adjustment; their opportunities for exploration become limited, further hampering the synaptic connectivity and shifting their developmental path away from the typical trajectory.
From assessment to intervention
Published in Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino, Understanding Rett Syndrome, 2019
Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino
A number of promising interventions targeted towards promoting neuroplasticity have been identified. These forms of interventions include an appreciation of learning theory, Hebbian principles, task-specific training, social influences, mechanisms of verbal encoding, and the interplay across brain modalities. In recent years, within the landscape of cognitive neuroscience, new technologies that facilitate synaptogenesis processes in patients with brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases have evolved.
Development and Developmental Disorders
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
The most dynamic period of brain development occurs while in utero, but continues at a fast rate for the first two years after birth. At two years of age, a child’s brain mass is approximately 80% of the expected adult weight (14). Synapse formation follows a similar curve, with an overabundance of synaptic connections in the young child relative to the older child and adult. The process of synaptogenesis occurs in a region-specific fashion in humans. For example, in the auditory cortex, synaptic density peaks at three months of age, whereas in the middle frontal cortex, this occurs at 15 months of age (14).
A role for flavonoids in the prevention and/or treatment of cognitive dysfunction, learning, and memory deficits: a review of preclinical and clinical studies
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Matin Ramezani, Arman Zeinaddini Meymand, Fariba Khodagholi, Hamed Mohammadi Kamsorkh, Ehsan Asadi, Mitra Noori, Kimia Rahimian, Ali Saberi Shahrbabaki, Aisa Talebi, Hanieh Parsaiyan, Sepideh Shiravand, Niloufar Darbandi
Several studies have revealed that clinical presentations of neurodegenerative diseases are highly associated with synaptic changes, formation, and synaptic loss [40,41]. A new therapeutic strategy, in prevention or even treating dementia that has received special interest, is supposed to be synaptogenesis. Flavonoids and other polyphenol compounds extracted from curcumin were found to different adverse types of cognitive impairment by activating neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Six-week treatment with curcumin in aged male Sprague–Dawley rats can increase the hippocampal and cortical gene expression of Syt9 and Stx1a, respectively, which both are related to synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, curcumin-based treatment improved both spatial (MWM task) and non-spatial memory (social recognition test) in the aged rats [41].
Association and epistatic analysis of white matter related genes across the continuum schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders: The joint effect of NRG1-ErbB genes
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
C. Prats, M. Fatjó-Vilas, M. J. Penzol, O. Kebir, L. Pina-Camacho, D. Demontis, B. Crespo-Facorro, V. Peralta, A. González-Pinto, E. Pomarol-Clotet, S. Papiol, M. Parellada, M. O. Krebs, L. Fañanás
Neurodevelopmental processes are essential for the acquisition and maintenance of the human brain configuration and function efficiency. The interplay of inherent genetic programs with a wide range of environmental exposures determines the brain's diverse configurations and functional attributes. This is achieved by orchestrating different processes involved in, for example, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, myelination, or connectivity (Tau and Peterson 2010). These processes, which take place along the developmental timeline and generate the intrinsic human variability, are ultimately related to the ability of the brain to perceive and interpret the world and make adaptive changes (Markham and Greenough 2004). Deviations in such processes are involved in the aetiology of many psychiatric disorders (neurodevelopmental disorders, NDDs) (Paus et al. 2008); however, the specific mechanisms leading to these disorders remain unknown.
A perspective on C. elegans neurodevelopment: from early visionaries to a booming neuroscience research
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Upon navigation, neurites terminate their growth and form synapses to establish proper connectivity. Some Unc mutants from Brenner’s screens were shown to affect transcription factors that drive synaptic differentiation, sometimes in coordination with neurotransmitter signaling (Jin, 2005; Kratsios et al., 2015; Miller et al., 1992). Kinases, GTPases, and calcium mechanisms were also recognized early to regulate synaptogenesis (Crump, Zhen, Jin, & Bargmann, 2001; Rongo & Kaplan, 1999). Later studies dissected a rich array of synaptogenesis mechanisms including key signaling mechanisms. These include roles for gap junctions, insulins, and heparan sulfates (Grill et al., 2007; Hung et al., 2013; Lázaro-Peña, Díaz-Balzac, Bülow, & Emmons, 2018; Yeh et al., 2009) as well as adhesion and scaffolding complexes, some of which act hierarchically (Dai et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2006; Philbrook et al., 2018; Shen & Bargmann, 2003). On the postsynaptic end, dendrites are shown to differentiate functional spines, apposing presynaptic sites (Cuentas-Condori et al., 2019; Philbrook et al., 2018). Non-neuronal cells also influence synaptic connectivity; glia can affect postembryonic synapse localization (Colón-Ramos, Margeta, & Shen, 2007), and the epidermis acts to maintain peripheral synapses (Cherra, Goncharov, Boassa, Ellisman, & Jin, 2020; this edition). The full array of interactions driving synaptogenesis remains to be identified.