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Introduction to Drugs and Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Most patients do not understand the difference between an embryo and a fetus. Consequently, patients may not be able to grasp the importance of the concept of “critical periods” unless they have been given a proper briefing during the consultation.
The synergetic, probabilistic pathways of typical motor development
Published in Anna L. Barnett, Elisabeth L. Hill, Understanding Motor Behaviour in Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Kathleen M. Haywood, Nancy Getchell
The timing of influences on motor development is well illustrated by sensitive periods in development. A sensitive period is an age span during which the developing individual is particularly sensitive to influence, whether the influence is one that contributes to healthy, normal development or one that contributes to slowed, arrested, or atypical development. Sensitive periods also have been described as critical periods, emphasizing the potential importance of an influence to eventual developmental outcomes.
Psychology and Human Development EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Babbling.Critical-period.Holophrastic period.Language acquisition device.Linguistic universals.Motherese.Over-extension.Over-regularisation.Pragmatics.Prelinguistic stage.Telegraphic period.Transformational grammar.
Pharmacotherapy and motor recovery after stroke
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Luciano Viale, Natalia Paola Catoira, Guillermo Di Girolamo, Claudio Daniel González
Neural plasticity involves the potential of neural networks to change their functional organization in response to maturation, learning, environmental variations, or pathology.The ‘Critical Period’ is a time lapse after a stroke, when experiences strongly influence brain plasticity and functional outcomes.Diminished perilesional GABAergic inhibition and enhanced glutamatergic transmission are factors that contribute to brain remodeling and motor learning after the acute stage of a stroke.Levodopa, amphetamine-like agents, and serotonin uptake inhibitors may increase neuroplasticity.GABA agonists, antipsychotics, and some antiepileptic drugs may decrease neuroplasticity.There have been no trials testing the efficacy of memantine for motor improvement in stroke patients.Other agents such as D-cycloserine did not show any evidence for or against their use in motor rehabilitation.
The Role of Binocularity in Anisometropic Amblyopia
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2019
Sarah J. Murray, Charlotte J. Codina
Plasticity describes the brain’s ability to rewire both structurally and functionally in response to external influences.10 It results in the critical period – the time frame in which visual deprivation results in loss of function, and the sensitive period wherein visual improvement is possible with therapeutic intervention.11 The critical period is thought to end by age 7–8 years old, whereas the sensitive period, once thought the same as the critical period, is now known to continue into the teenage years and possibly even early adulthood.11 Plasticity alleviates the necessity of genetically encoding complex information required for cortical maturity6 but also leaves the visual cortex vulnerable to amblyopia.
History of “Serve and Return” and a Synthesis of the Literature on Its Impacts on Children’s Health and Development
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Jelena Komanchuk, Nicole Letourneau, Linda Duffett-Leger, Judy L. Cameron
Critical periods refer to developmental windows of plasticity when neural circuits are particularly sensitive to experience. Critical periods are characterized by high rates of synaptogenesis (i.e., synapse formation), synaptic plasticity (i.e., strengthening/weakening of synapses) and pruning (i.e., elimination of synapses) (Hensch, 2004; Marin, 2016). Early life stresses have the greatest impact on neural circuits during periods of plasticity. Stresses may also alter the period of plasticity by changing the excitatory/inhibitory balance within a neural circuit. Mistiming of windows of plasticity is implicated in the pathology of cognitive disorders, including autism and schizophrenia (Do et al., 2015; LeBlanc & Fagiolini, 2011; Marin, 2012).