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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The genus Clitocybe has different species such as C. amoenolens, C. acromelalga, C. dealbata, C. rivulosa, C. candicans, C. cerussata, and C. phyllophila. They are poisonous mushrooms due to the presence of muscarine in their chemical composition (96). The symptoms appear 15 minutes to 2 hours after ingestion and include gastrointestinal problems, miosis, hypersecretion, and in severe cases bradycardia, collapses, and death (96). Symptoms of muscarinic syndrome include increased pulse rate, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, blurred vision, lachrymation, sweating, salivation, perspiration, reduced heart rate, lowering of blood pressure, and asthmatic-like breathing (95–97). Most patients recover within 24 hours, except in cases when the heart has stopped. The treatment of this poisoning is symptomatic, and atropine can be administered to counteract the effects of muscarine (95–97).
Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Pedro Abreu-Mendes, João Silva, Francisco Cruz
Options for failure include:Switching to a second anti-muscarinic. The rate of failure with a 2nd anti-muscarinic is above 80%.Dose escalation of the anti-muscarinic if it is available in more than one dose. Increasing efficacy is accompanied by an intensification of AEs.Switching to another class of drugs.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Mushroom poisoning or mycetism is connected with widely varying classes of neurotoxins.364 These include Amanita muscaria, which produces ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscazone, and Inocybes and Clitocybes mushrooms, which produce muscarine. Amanita phalloides is the most toxic mushroom; they synthesize amatoxins: cyclic octapeptides and phallotoxins:cyclic heptapeptides.90,165,268 The principal amatoxin is amanitin, and the most important phallotoxin is phalloidin. The action of various mushroom toxins resides in the effects on several nerve functions such as GABA-like action inhibiting central neurons, inhibition of RNA polymease II, depletion of nuclear RNA preventing protein synthesis, and disruption or dissolution of cell membranes and membranes of lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies.176,231,268
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings – a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Žana M. Maksimović, Jasmina Jović-Stošić, Slavica Vučinić, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Ranko Škrbić, Miloš P. Stojiljković
Among the clinical symptoms/signs of poisoning, correlations were found only between the oxygen saturation (SpO2) and poisoning severity (r = −0.624, p < 0.001) and state of consciousness and poisoning severity (r = 0.729, p < 0.001). Mild cases of poisoning were most often accompanied by muscarinic effects only. Nicotinic (χ2 = 18.37, p = 0.001) and especially CNS effects were reported in more severe poisoned patients (χ2 = 40.11, p < 0.001). All lethal cases were associated with CNS effects. Significantly lower values of blood pressure (U = 31.50, p = 0.012) and SpO2 (U = 11.50, p < 0.001) were registered in lethal poisonings, as well as severe consciousness disorder (U = 22.50, p = 0.004). The intermediate syndrome was recorded only in severely poisoned patients (χ2 = 19.35, p = 0.001). In three patients, the intermediate syndrome only manifested with neck and shoulder muscle weakness, while in other patients it was accompanied by respiratory insufficiency as well, and in two patients with lethal outcome.
National assessment of anti-epileptic drug exposures among pre-teens and adolescents, 2000–2020
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Michael S. Toce, Joel D. Hudgins, Christopher J. Yuskaitis, Michael C. Monuteaux, Florence T. Bourgeois
One of the adverse outcomes examined was seizures, which occurred in 0.9% of exposure cases. The highest risk was observed with tiagabine, which is approved for the treatment of partial seizures in adults and children 12 years and older, and was associated with a 19-fold increased risk of seizures. Seizures have been documented as a common complication after tiagabine overdose, with one study showing that 10% of overdose patients developed at least one seizure and 2.6% progressed to status epilepticus [7]. Seizure activity may be due to the unique mechanism of action of tiagabine, which selectively blocks the reuptake of GABA by inhibition of the GABA transporter 1, which in preclinical models provokes seizures [34]. Carbamazepine also had a high risk of seizures, with a 5-fold increase compared to the other AEDs. This antiepileptic is used in the treatment of generalized and focal seizure disorders [35]. In overdose, it can produce significant toxicity, with previous studies describing patients who frequently developed anti-muscarinic features such as tachycardia, mydriasis, and altered mental status [5,36]. Carbamazepine poisoning decreased by more than 8% per year during our study period, which may reflect changing prescribing practices as newer drugs enter the market. Why toxic exposure to these and other AEDs lead to seizures remains unclear and further investigation may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy.
An outbreak of mushroom poisoning in Israel during the 2020 fall and winter season: an unexpected outcome of COVID-19 restrictions?
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Yael Lurie, Dalia Lewinsohn, Daniel Kurnik
There are approximately 100,000 known species of fungi worldwide, among them about 100 poisonous to humans [1]. The mycobiota of Israel is very diverse, reflecting Israel’s various climatic and geobiotic regions and its unique geographic location at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The 750 mushroom species in Israel include muscarinic and gastrointestinal irritant mushrooms and highly poisonous Amanita species [2]. Mushroom poisonings, usually due to inaccurate discrimination between edible and poisonous mushrooms, occur every year, mainly in the rainy season (in Israel, October to April). While accidental tasting by toddlers usually does not result in actual poisonings, foraging for wild mushrooms and their deliberate consumption can cause toxicity, ranging from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to severe, life-threatening toxicity. The National Israel Poison Information Center (IPIC) receives about 40–70 calls annually concerning mushrooms poisoning, but during the October–December 2020 season, we noticed an unusually high number of calls compared to the previous years.