China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Endocrinology and metabolism
Published in Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan, Essential Notes for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2021
Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan
Type 2: stepped management: Lifestyle change – healthy diet, exercise, weight loss.Monotherapy – if overweight, metformin; if not, sulphonylurea, e.g. gliclazide.Consider a glitazone (e.g. pioglitazone).Combination therapy – consider any combination of the above three types of drugs.Insulin if inadequate glycaemic control on combination therapy.GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) analogues and DPP-IV (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV) inhibitors are now licensed.
Intimate areas
Published in Jani van Loghem, Calcium Hydroxylapatite Soft Tissue Fillers, 2020
Jani van Loghem, Pieter Siebenga
In most cases, monotherapy will not create the desired results for the patient. CaHA is used for skin quality improvement, tightening and lifting of the buttocks, but has very limited volume enhancing capacity with small amounts of product and it does not reduce the subcutaneous cellulite septae. A multi-modality approach is therefore often necessary. Depending on the indication, CaHA can be combined with additional therapies (see Table 37.1).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Although the evidence for using combination therapy instead of monotherapy is conflicting, combination therapy may be preferred if: High bacterial burdenUncontrollable sourceEmpirical treatment in setting of high antimicrobial resistanceMajor risk factors for drug resistance—recent antibiotic courses in past 3 months, recent hospital admissions (especially intensive care)
Advances in the discovery of drugs that treat pulmonary arterial hypertension
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Combination therapy has proven more efficacious than monotherapy. However, even with combination therapy, only a few patients will return to a normal life. Several questions still remain concerning combination therapy in PAH: Which combinations are the most effective? How many pathways should be targeted? What is the best timing for combination therapy? And, what are the measures for evaluating response to therapy? Via partnership between international experts, regulatory agencies and industry these questions need to be answered. The association of researchers and physicians representing various areas, specialties and expertise, all with a common interest for PAH, will hopefully reduce these gaps of knowledge. Also, noninvasive testing and new markers of disease progression such as imaging testing, biomarkers, and physiological assessments are necessary to accurately record and follow the clinical course of the disease. Testing that determines the true benefit of the outcome measures will enable caregivers to select the best therapy in a structured fashion. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic analyses should also be performed, principally as we still need to better comprehend the field of multiple combinations therapies in PAH. Furthermore, focus should be concentrated on right ventricular function, since it is considered the single most determinant of outcome in PAH [140].
Advances in small molecule maintenance therapies for high-grade serous ovarian cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Margherita Fischetti, Violante Di Donato, Innocenza Palaia, Giorgia Perniola, Federica Tomao, Chiara Perrone, Antonella Giancotti, Daniele Di Mascio, Marco Monti, Ludovico Muzii, Pierluigi Benedetti Panici, Giorgio Bogani
Accumulating evidence assessed the effect of inhibiting and regulating various targets to influence oncologic outcomes. Similarly, they are establishing an innovative mechanism of action that will further enhance anti-tumor activity. Several targeted therapies have been developed. Targeted therapies might be administered as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments, principally in the maintenance setting. The most important advancements for ovarian cancer care are the adoption of small molecules targeting angiogenesis (i.e. tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)) or small molecules that regulate the DNA repair machinery (i.e. PARP inhibitors) [24,25]. Angiogenesis and genomic instability have an important role in ovarian cancer pathogenesis and progression, thus targeting angiogenesis and DNA repair mechanisms might result in controlling ovarian cancer dissemination [24,25].
Short interruptions of TNF-inhibitor treatment can be associated with treatment failure in patients with immune-mediated diseases
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Tea Lamberg, Taina Sipponen, Sanna Valtanen, Kari K Eklund, Tarja Mälkönen, Kristiina Aalto, Katriina Mikola, Kaija-Leena Kolho, Sanna Leinonen, Pia Isomäki, Heidi Mäkinen, Krista-Liisa Vidqvist, Arto Kokko, Laura Huilaja, Minna Kyllönen, Paula Keskitalo, Sirja Sard, Paula Vähäsalo, Ritva Koskela, Liisa Kröger, Perttu Lahtinen, Anna-Maija Haapala, Katja Korkatti, Tuulikki Sokka-Isler, T. Sakari Jokiranta
We found that interruptions during TNF-inhibitor treatment were associated with immunisation in patients using IFX or ADL. Treatment interruptions are also associated with immunisation against the given TNF-inhibitor after dividing the patients into two subgroups: patients with a rheumatic disease or those with IBD. The observation was the same in a group of patients with biological monotherapy. Similarly, in earlier reports, the formation of ADAbs has been more frequent when the drug has been given episodically compared to a scheduled treatment regimen [20–22]. There have been also reports about the impact of discontinued treatment on loss of effectiveness [23,24]. As far as we know, our study is the first to report an association between short treatment interruptions and immunisation. This finding is, however, consistent with other studies [20–24] and offers a clinically relevant reason for the generation of ADAbs. Our results suggest that encouraging patients to continuous adherence and informing patients to maintain a regular treatment dosing can be beneficial in avoiding loss of TNF-inhibitor response.