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Emerging Oral Treatments: Oral Minoxidil for Androgenetic Alopecia
Published in Rubina Alves, Ramon Grimalt, Techniques in the Evaluation and Management of Hair Diseases, 2021
Jared Marc John, Rodney Sinclair
Minoxidil is a piperidinopyrimidine derivative and potent peripheral vasodilator that was initially developed in the 1970s for the treatment of severe refractory hypertension at doses of 10–100 mg per day [3]. Topical minoxidil is one of only two medications that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of AGA, the other being oral finasteride [4]. It is a pro-drug that is converted to its active form, minoxidil sulphate, by sulfotransferase enzymes present in the outer root sheath (ORS) of hair follicles [3]. Minoxidil sulphate enhances scalp perfusion through its vasodilatory properties and upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that helps to maintain dermal papilla vasculature and hair growth [1, 4]. As a potassium channel opener, it promotes hair growth by initiating and prolonging anagen phase (thereby shortening telogen duration and delaying catagen) through mechanisms that are not fully understood [1, 3, 4].
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Minoxidil is an orally administered vasodilator with hair growth stimulatory and antihypertensive effects. Minoxidil is converted into its active metabolite minoxidil sulfate by sulfotransferase enzymes. This agent’s hair growth stimulatory effect may be mediated through its vasodilatory activity, thereby increasing cutaneous blood flow, or due to its direct stimulatory effect on hair follicle cells and forcing them from their resting phase into their active growth phase. Minoxidil is indicated for the treatment of severe hypertension and in the topical treatment (regrowth) of androgenic alopecia in males and females and stabilization of hair loss in patients with male or female pattern hair loss. In several countries including the USA, topical formulations with 2% or 5% minoxidil are available as OTC pharmaceuticals. Excipients are nearly always water, alcohol and propylene glycol (1).
Pharmacological Strategies for Uterine Relaxation
Published in Robert E. Garfield, Thomas N. Tabb, Control of Uterine Contractility, 2019
Michael Hollingsworth, Sandra J. Downing, Josephine M. S. Cheuk, Ian T. Piper, Sarah J. Hughes
The uterine inhibitory properties of the KCOs extend to the uterus of the rat in vivo. Cromakalim has been shown to inhibit spontaneous contractions of the uterus of the nonpregnant and pregnant rat and oxytocin-induced contractions of the uterus of the nonpregnant rat.16,20,56,57,110,113 RP 49355 and minoxidil sulphate are also inhibitors of spontaneous uterine contractions in vivo.57,110 Both cromakalim and RP 49356 are antagonized by glyburide in vivo.56,110
Randomized trial of electrodynamic microneedle combined with 5% minoxidil topical solution for the treatment of Chinese male Androgenetic alopecia
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2020
Linlin Bao, Lin Gong, Menger Guo, Taoming Liu, Anyu Shi, Haifeng Zong, Xuegang Xu, Hongduo Chen, Xinghua Gao, Yuanhong Li
Microneedles have been previously used to increase transdermal drug absorption (18). The absorption of calcein (with a molecular radius of 6 A°) was increased 1,000 times after application of a microneedle (17). An electrodynamic microneedle contains a disposable head with nine needles that are 0.25 mm in diameter and have an adjustable length. When activated, the needles oscillate at a high frequency, diminishing needle pain and increasing drug delivery. An electrodynamic microneedle was used in this study. Topical minoxidil entering the skin by diffusion or through pores made by a microneedle injection is converted into its active metabolite, minoxidil sulphate, by sulphotransferase enzymes located in the human scalp and epidermal keratinocytes.
Use of low-level laser therapy in treatment of the androgenic alopecia, the first systematic review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2018
Comparing the use of LLLT with the commonly prescribed pharmacological AGA treatments i.e. minoxidil and finasteride was well tackled in a number of the studies (22). As an over-the counter treatment for AGA, Minoxidil is only effective in about 38% of patients because it requires an enzyme sulfotransferase for it to work and many people are reported to lack enough of that enzyme (23). For the Minoxidil to increase the diameter of blood vessels, it has to be converted into various forms by the body called minoxidil sulfate. And so, the minoxidil sulfotransferase is vital in that it is needed to carry out this biochemical process (23).
Novel drug delivery approaches for the management of hair loss
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Waleed Alsalhi, Ammar Alalola, Michael Randolph, Eran Gwillim, Antonella Tosti
Anodal iontophoresis was used to deliver minoxidil sulfate (MXS), the active minoxidil, to hair follicles in vitro and in vivo. This delivery system increased the amount of drug reaching the follicular infundibula by fivefold when compared to passive delivery. Gelfuso et al., conducted an in vitro experiment on rat skin and found that iontophoresis significantly enhanced delivery and accumulation of minoxidil sulfate in the hair follicles [29].