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Emerging Oral Treatments: Oral Minoxidil for Androgenetic Alopecia
Published in Rubina Alves, Ramon Grimalt, Techniques in the Evaluation and Management of Hair Diseases, 2021
Jared Marc John, Rodney Sinclair
Despite the paucity of high-power studies, oral minoxidil is a safe and reasonable alternative in patients who are intolerant or non-adherent to topical minoxidil use. Clinical response was observed at dosages of 0.25 mg daily in both genders, however higher dosages may be required in male patients and slow responders. It may be prescribed as monotherapy or with other AGA medications and adjunct therapies to improve response rates. Adverse effects are mild, and dose related. Sublingual administration of minoxidil may increase its bioavailability without increasing the risk of adverse effects.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Minoxidil is an orally administered vasodilator with hair growth stimulatory and antihypertensive effects. Minoxidil is converted into its active metabolite minoxidil sulfate by sulfotransferase enzymes. This agent’s hair growth stimulatory effect may be mediated through its vasodilatory activity, thereby increasing cutaneous blood flow, or due to its direct stimulatory effect on hair follicle cells and forcing them from their resting phase into their active growth phase. Minoxidil is indicated for the treatment of severe hypertension and in the topical treatment (regrowth) of androgenic alopecia in males and females and stabilization of hair loss in patients with male or female pattern hair loss. In several countries including the USA, topical formulations with 2% or 5% minoxidil are available as OTC pharmaceuticals. Excipients are nearly always water, alcohol and propylene glycol (1).
Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mammalian Skin
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
For some contemporary interest, a common cosmetic problem in our society today is male-pattern hair loss. It has been noted that patients taking minoxidil (Rogaine®, Up John Co.) for hypertension developed a thickening of hair in select individuals.225a A 2 to 3% solution of minoxidil topically applied to male subjects for 1 year had cosmetically acceptable hair growth.225b Minoxidil can promote hair growth in specific conditions such as alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia.225c Although the mechanism of this drug is unclear, it is known that for minoxidil to be effective living hair follicles capable of stimulation and hypertrophy must be present.225c
Efficacy of intradermal minoxidil 5% injections for treatment of patchy non-severe alopecia areata
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Mahmoud Abd El-Rahim Abdallah, Rasha Shareef, Marwa Y. Soltan
Intralesional corticosteroid injections represent the golden standard first-line approach for patchy cases involving less than 50% of scalp (2). Minoxidil is used as a nonspecific hair growth-promoting agent in many hair loss conditions including AA (3). Intradermal drug delivery provides superior efficacy over its topical application (4). Despite the frequent use of minoxidil for many alopecic conditions including AA, a mixed level of evidence overshadows its efficacy in AA. Moreover, most trials investigated its topical application, or it was delivered intradermally among other therapeutics (3,5,6). Thus, the value of intradermal minoxidil needs to be asserted. To address this, we conducted an intra-patient comparative clinical study investigating the efficiency of minoxidil intralesional injection in comparison to the standard intralesional corticosteroid treatment and a combination of both.
Efficacy and safety of a new 10% topical minoxidil versus 5% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia: a trichoscopic evaluation
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Soheir Ghonemy, Abeer Alarawi, Hagar Bessar
The ratio changes in mean number of miniaturization in our first two groups (A&B) was highly statistically significant reduced in frontal and vertex than placebo but no difference between 5% and 10%. Also, we noticed that both 5% and 10% minoxidil is effective in regards to hair count, thickness and type of follicular unit and it may be more statistically significant in favor of Minoxidil 5% in the vertex area but almost the same efficacy in frontal area and it give an indicator of possible treatment resistance with higher concentration of minoxidil, while we did not observe this change in the frontal area treated with the same 10% minoxidil. This is in contrast to McCoy et al., he said that usage of higher doses of minoxidil in non-responders will be potentially effective. His study was on non-responder females with female patterned hair loss who considered low metabolizers to topical minoxidil 5%, 60% of the subjects achieved significant improvement in GPR and significant clinical response based on target hair count (>13.7% from baseline). Our work was in agreement to McCoy et al., 2016 in the increase of total hair count after the highest minoxidil concentration 10%, although we also reported the same count increase in the lower 5% concentration (7,15).
Hair growth potential of Salvia plebeia extract and its associated mechanisms
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Guang-Ri Jin, Yi-Lin Zhang, Jonathan Yap, William A. Boisvert, Bog-Hieu Lee
According to clinical investigations, most hair growth disorders result primarily from changes in the three phases of hair follicle cycling, growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and rest (telogen) (Krause and Foitzik 2006). Androgenetic alopecia, a hair loss condition mediated by dihydrotestosterone, is one of the most common types of male-pattern hair loss, not only affecting 80% of men but also up to 50% of women. The key features of androgenetic alopecia are shortening of anagen and prolongation of telogen phases, accompanied by follicular miniaturization (Piraccini and Alessandrini 2014). Previous studies have suggested that the autocrine and paracrine factors from DPC and the increase of β-catenin in DPC, which is regulated by Wnt signal, are important for the maintenance of anagen phase and regeneration of hair follicle cycle (Kishimoto et al. 2000; Shimizu and Morgan 2004; Kwack et al. 2008). Minoxidil, the only drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for hair growth, is known to promote the survival of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (also known as Akt) signalling, and prevent hDPCs apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax (Han et al. 2004). Given the transient efficacy and widely reported side effects of minoxidil, the development of novel agents that promote hair growth safely and effectively will be beneficial to those affected by hair loss.