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Local Anesthetics
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Elena González Burgos, Luis Luis García-García, M. Pilar Gómez-Serranillos, Francisca Gómez Oliver
Regarding metabolism, another clinical aspect to consider is that the hydrolysis of some type ester LA such as procaine leads to the production of the metabolite PABA which has the potential for allergenicity and consequently, esters have been generally related with a higher risk of allergic reactions. However, independently of the ester or amide type, most times are the additives and not the drug responsible for the allergic reaction. Thus, methylparaben, used as a preservative in preparations of amide-type LA, is also metabolized to PABA (Higuchi et al., 2013; Maimo and Redick, 2004).
Local Anesthetics and Additives
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Jean-Pierre Haberer, Bernard Jacques Dalens
Allergy to local anesthetics is extremely unusual in children. Most adverse effects labeled as allergy are related to vasovagal reactions or systemic toxicity (inaccurate injection in a blood vessel). Preservatives (methylparaben) and metabolites (para-aminobenzoic acid) have been incriminated in some observations (in adults).82 (See Section IV, Chapter 3.)
Tumescent Anesthesia
Published in Marwali Harahap, Adel R. Abadir, Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dermatologic Surgery, 2019
William B. Henghold, Brent R. Moody
Lidocaine is commercially available in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2%, with or without epinephrine (1:100,000 or 1:200,000), with or without methylparaben, at volumes ranging from 2 to 50 mL (10). Methylparaben is an added antiseptic preservative possibly responsible for the small number of true allergic reactions to amide anesthetics. If there is any question, then the methylparaben free (MPF) formulation should be used or the patient should be sent for allergy testing.
Insights and controversies on sunscreen safety
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Juliana P. Paiva, Raiane R. Diniz, Alvaro C. Leitão, Lucio M. Cabral, Rodrigo S. Fortunato, Bianca A. M. C. Santos, Marcelo de Pádula
Besides those effects, sunscreen formulations also contain preservatives, which are used to maintain product's quality, to increase shelf life and to prevent microbial contamination (Rodford 1997). The most common compound used as preservative is paraben, not only in cosmetics and hygiene products, but also in beverages and food, due to their high antimicrobial efficacy (Valle-Sistac et al. 2016). Hossy et al. (2013) described morphological alterations compatible with photoaged skin when animals were treated with solar simulated sunlight (SSL) plus sunscreen vehicle formulations. Among different alterations, they have observed neovascularization, epidermal thickening, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, follicular keratosis, and increased dermal cellularity, which represent the real pattern produced by the sunlight on skin (Hossy et al. 2013). Methylparaben and propylparaben also display toxic effects by oxidatively induced DNA damage (Handa et al. 2006; Martín et al. 2010).
Evaluation of anionic surfactants effects on the skin barrier function based on skin permeability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Mana Okasaka, Koji Kubota, Emi Yamasaki, Jianzhong Yang, Sadaki Takata
The in vitro skin permeability assay using a Franz diffusion cell system is the most commonly used method for measuring skin permeability (OECD 2004). In this method, increase in the skin permeability of an indicator substance means a reduction of skin barrier function. Hairless mouse-extracted skin is often used as the sample in Franz diffusion cell system (Obata et al. 2010). In this study, we used methylparaben as the indicator substance. Methylparaben, the simplest parahydroxybenzoate ester (paraben), is often used as a safe (LD50 > 8 g/kg) and inexpensive preservative (CAS: 99-76-3 MSDS. Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan), which can prevent microbial contamination of cosmetic products, and has been approved for this purpose by the ‘Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Act (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan)’. Therefore, methylparaben is an appropriate indicator substance for assessing the cosmetic surfactant safety.
Breast cancer and environmental contamination: A real connection?
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2018
Fernando Delgado-López, S. Pilar Zamora-León
Parabens have also been involved in cell growth and proliferation, and since combinations of them are present in human breast tissue at concentrations that can induce proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, it implies that they could affect human breast tissue. In addition, certain parabens can induce migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells and affect apoptosis (Charles & Darbre, 2013; Darbre & Harvey, 2014; Gopalakrishan et al., 2017; Khanna, Dash, & Darbre, 2014; Wróbel & Gregoraszczuk, 2014). The study by Goodson et al. (2011) showed that methylparaben induces cell cycling and favors apoptosis evasion in human breast epithelial cells, important phenomena for malignant transformation. In addition, DNA damage, chromosome aberrations, and gene expression profiles that resemble estrogen stimulation after exposure to methyl- and butylparabens have been reported (Pugazhendhi, Sadler, & Darbre, 2007).