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Behavior to Prevent Pressure Sores
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Besides reduced mobility, geriatric patients are also prone to have bowel and/or bladder incontinence which in addition to the risk associated with moisture brings in the dangers of skin irritation and infection. It is therefore recommended that skin be washed during normal baths and at other times if there has been incontinence. Too frequent washing should be avoided since it removes the skin’s surface liquids. In addition, alcohol and methylated spirits cause vasoconstriction in already ischemic areas and may increase the possibility of developing a pressure sore. Barrier substances such as oil, silicone or zinc base may be useful for patients who are incontinent and require frequent washing. A better way to avoid the dangers of urinary incontinence is through the use of external catheters for males or urinary collection devices for women. Fecal incontinence collectors can be used for patients with bowel incontinence. Toileting schedules is still another alternative. These alternatives should be weighed according to the cost and staff availability.
Method of Extraction
Published in Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf, Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf
This is the process which combines the maceration and percolation techniques. This process cannot be used for materials which contain volatile principles or those that undergo change during the evaporation stage. This procedure is advantageous because industrial methylated spirit may be used for extraction instead of the costly rectified spirit.
Functions of Glycerine in Cosmetics
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
The work so far in this section uses glycerine in a preapplied formula. Two additional reports described its usefulness when used concurrently with the irritant, as well as when used for postexposure decontamination. In the first case, 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate was tested for irritation on 54 women with and without the addition of 5% glycerine [76]. In the cases where glycerine was used, the cases of irritation dropped from 19% to 7% of the women tested. In the second case, glycerine has been shown to be useful in decontaminating skin exposed to phenolic substances [77]. Rats were given a percutaneous exposure to undiluted phenol and swabbed with water, or methylated spirits, or glycerine, or polyethyleneglycol. The latter two materials were much more effective at reducing mortality and convulsions than either water or methylated spirits. This result is in keeping with the use of glycerine as an essential ingredient of phenol eardrops, as it is well known that it reduces the irritation of phenol to the skin.
Exposure to hand sanitisers and other cleaning products in Victoria, Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Alice Norvill, Rohan A. Elliott, Anselm Wong
This was a retrospective observational study. A search of the VPIC database was conducted for the period between 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. This covers the year prior to when COVID-19 cases were first reported in Australia and the first 12 months of the pandemic. When a call is made to the VPIC, relevant information about the case, including the substance(s) involved, is entered by a Specialist in Poisons Information (SPI). Categories of substances included in the search were topical antiseptics, disinfectants, bleach, multipurpose cleaners and other alcohol-based products such as methylated spirits, which may be used in place of commercial sanitisers. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers are coded under the category of ‘topical antiseptics’ in the VPIC database. A random sample of cases from 2019 and 2020 found that 89% cases coded under this category related to hand sanitiser, and this was consistent across the two years, so when the term ‘topical antiseptic’ is used in the manuscript, it mainly refers to alcohol-based hand sanitiser.
Nature and sources of poisoning in patients admitted to a referral hospital in Gaborone, Botswana; findings and implications
Published in Hospital Practice, 2020
Bontle Mbongwe, Jacqueline Moinami, Tiny Masupe, Roy Tapera, Tshenkego Molefe, Patience Erick, Brian Godman, Amos Massele
Six patients died from poisoning giving a mortality rate of 1.5%. Half the deaths (n = 3) were from ingestion of household chemicals namely white vinegar, methylated spirit and battery acid. One death from acute chemical pneumonitis as a result of ingesting white vinegar occurred in a one-year male infant who was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and intubated. An overdose from traditional medicines resulted in the death of one male in the age-group 13–19 years, who was referred from a clinic to PMH. Two females died in the age groups 20–30 years and 40–49 years from illicit drugs (cocaine overdose) and methylated spirit respectively. A male patient died from ingestion of battery acid in the age-group 20–30 years. One death in the age group 30–40 years occurred from unspecified alcohol intoxication. No death was recorded in the age group 51 years and above.
The use of home brew in Pacific Islands countries and territories
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2018
Vili Nosa, Shavonne Duffy, Debbie Singh, Save Lavelio, Uma Amber, Avanoa Homasi-Paelate, Julia Alfred
Home brew can present significant problems for Pacific Islands countries and territories, especially now as the increasing cost of alcohol means that many Pacific people in New Zealand are increasingly consuming home brew (Gray, 2005; Lima, 2004; Manuopangai, 2012; MOH, 1997b, 1997c, 1997e; Nosa, 2005). Home-brew production is unregulated, so it may be produced with unsterilized utensils and products that are not suitable for human consumption, such as iron, copper, zinc, insects, insecticides, battery acid, and high-octane acid (Baldwin et al., 2007; Kupakuwana, 2010; MOH, 1997e; Nosa, 2005). Additional products may be added to increase the alcohol content, such as disinfectants, methylated spirits, and colognes (Devaney, Gary, & Baldwin, 2010; Aiolupotea, 1994; MOH, 1997e; Nosa, 2005). Insofar as heavy binge episodes from people drinking home brew present greater risk than do those from people consuming commercially produced alcohol (Peredrix et al., 1999), consuming home brew can have disastrous consequences of alcohol poisoning and liver failure. In addition, home brew has been associated with criminal activities such as stealing and violence, and there is some evidence of associated addiction and depression (Kupakuwana, 2010).