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Onychotillomania (onychophagia, habit tic, median canaliform onychodystrophy)
Published in Robert Baran, Dimitris Rigopoulos, Chander Grover, Eckart Haneke, Nail Therapies, 2021
Gentle massage of the nail, from the matrix area to the free edge, with a bland ointment, three times/day, has been reported to be helpful in some cases. Physical barriers, like wrapping with bandages and tapes or using gloves that occlude the area of the nails that are affected, have also been used. Unpleasant-flavored topical agents, including capsicum, neem oil and denatonium benzoate (that give a bitter taste), can be used alternatively.
Mechanisms of Taste Transduction
Published in Robert H. Cagan, Neural Mechanisms in Taste, 2020
John H. Teeter, Robert H. Cagan
In the rat, on the other hand, the intensely bitter compound denatonium chloride evoked an increase in intracellular Ca2+ (measured with the fluorescent indicator, fura-2) in a small subset of isolated taste cells.32 Potassium-induced depolarization of these cells did not increase intracellular Ca2+ levels, indicating that the Ca2+ was released from intracellular stores by the denatonium, rather than entering from outside via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels have been demonstrated in mudpuppy23,24,29 and tiger salamander30 taste cells. They were not found in isolated frog taste cells,31 although their presence is expected on the basis of intracellular recordings.121
Intragastric quinine administration decreases hedonic eating in healthy women through peptide-mediated gut-brain signaling mechanisms
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Julie Iven, Jessica R. Biesiekierski, Dongxing Zhao, Eveline Deloose, Owen G. O’Daly, Inge Depoortere, Jan Tack, Lukas Van Oudenhove
Recently, it has been shown that intragastric administration of the bitter tastant denatonium benzoate (DB) suppressed hunger and prolonged satiety after a standard meal in healthy female volunteers, without altering gastric emptying. Moreover, DB blocked the occurrence of gastric phase III contractions of the MMC, and decreased motilin, but not ghrelin plasma levels. However, ad libitum food intake was not affected.2 Furthermore, Andreozzi et al. showed that intraduodenal administration of the bitter tastant, quinine-hydrochloride (QHCl), reduced food intake,13 and Deloose et al. demonstrated that intragastric QHCl decreased motilin and total ghrelin plasma levels.14 These preliminary findings point towards an anorexigenic effect of intragastric bitter tastant administration, but findings are mixed and the mechanisms underlying this effect are incompletely understood.
Liquid laundry detergent capsules (PODS): a review of their composition and mechanisms of toxicity, and of the circumstances, routes, features, and management of exposure
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Rachael Day, Sally M. Bradberry, Simon H. L. Thomas, J. Allister Vale
These voluntary packaging changes were made mandatory within Europe by an amendment to the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) of Substances and Mixtures Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 in December 2014 [88]. In addition, changes to the detergent capsule itself were introduced to improve the mechanical integrity of the capsule and to deter release of the contents and, thereby, potentially reduce exposure to children; these came into force by June 2015. Specifically, these changes were, firstly, the capsule had to contain an aversive agent (usually denatonium benzoate; Bitrex®) at a concentration that elicited oral repulsive behavior within 6 seconds of oral exposure. Secondly, the capsule was required to retain its liquid contents for at least 30 seconds when placed in water at 20 °C and, thirdly, the capsule had to withstand mechanical compression strength of at least 300 N.
Prevalence and Correlates of Lifetime Alcohol Use among Adult Urban Populations in Iran: A Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Study
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2019
Maryam Mehrabi, Ahmad Hajebi, Elham Mohebbi, Mohammad Reza Baneshi, Mahmoud Khodadost, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Hamid Sharifi, Alireza Noroozi
Iran, with a population near 80 million and where 55% of the population are under 35 years old (SCI 2016), is a middle-income developing MMC located in Western Asia. More than 70% of the population live in urban areas. A total alcohol ban has been implemented in the country since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, based on the Islamic law which prohibits alcohol production, trade, and consumption (Al-Ansari et al. 2016). Alcoholic beverages are only available through an illegal market. Ethanol solutions with 96% and 70% purities are available in pharmacies for hygienic purposes. These solutions include a chemical additive (Denatonium Benzoate) that has a bitter taste to prevent people from drinking it, although this does not completely deter some people from diluting and drinking these surrogate alcohols (“Bitter taste did not prevent drinking” 2013). National Mental Health Survey (2010–2011) data showed the prevalence of last-year alcohol use, abuse, and dependence among the population aged 15–64 years as 5.7%, 0.6%, and 0.3%, respectively (Amin-Esmaeili et al. 2017). Another study, conducted in 2012, estimated the prevalence of last-year alcohol use as 2.31% among adult urban populations through a network scale-up method (Nikfarjam et al. 2016).