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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Methyl eugenol has been identified by chemical analysis in 48 of 91 essential oils, which have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis. In 7 oils, methyl eugenol belonged to the ‘Top-10’ of ingredients with the highest concentrations which may be expected in commercial essential oils of this type: basil oil (0-24.7%), ravensara oil (trace-21.4%), citronella oil Sri Lanka (0.4-7.2%), calamus oil (0.03-6.5%), rose oil (0.06-4.3%), laurel leaf oil (1.0-3.0%), and clove bud/leaf/stem oil (0.04-0.2%) (4).
Adverse Effects and Intoxication with Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Methyleugenol, the methyl ether of eugenol, is a natural constituent of numerous essential oils in very low amounts. However, it is not allowed to be added to cosmetic products and beverages as it has been listed by the National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. This finding is based on the observation of increased incidence of malignant tumors at multiple tissue sites in experimental animals of different species. High doses of methyleugenol (at least 30 mg/kg body weight for 25 days) cause autoinduction of 1′-hydroxylation by P450 cytochromes, with formation of the proximate carcinogen 1′-hydroxymethyleugenol (Jeurissien et al., 2006). Methyleugenol and its two metabolites 1-hydroxymethyleugenol and 2′,3′-epoxymethyleugenol induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in vitro. In addition, methyleugenol formed DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo (Cartus et al., 2012; Herrmann et al., 2013). Sipe et al. (2014) showed that both methyleugenol and eugenol readily undergo peroxidative metabolism in vitro to form free radicals. Due to auto-oxidation of methyleugenol, commercial products contain 10–30 mg/L hydroperoxide. Spectroscopic studies show that the hydroperoxide is not a good substrate for catalase, which suggests that glutathione peroxidase may be important in the inhibition of this pathway in vivo. Thus, the authors suggest that peroxidase metabolism may contribute to the observed carcinogenicity of methyleugenol in extrahepatic tissues (Sipe et al., 2014).
Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects of Terpenes, Polyphenolics, and Other Non-Flavonoid Phytochemicals
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Acute administration of methyl-eugenol, a derivative of eugenol found in Croton zehntneri, had antidepressant-like effects in mice. It decreased the immobility time during the forced swim test. It was not found to have anxiolytic effects.75
Risk characterisation of constituents present in jamu to promote its safe use
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Suparmi Suparmi, Dasep Wahidin, Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
ABs, AAs, and PAs were actually detected in jamu sold on the Indonesian market. The ABs, methyl eugenol, myristicin, safrole, and estragole were detected in 23 out of 25 samples of Indonesian jamu collected by a targeted approach, at levels ranging from 3.8 to 440 μg/g. Methyl eugenol was the major AB detected in most (91.3%) of the samples testing positive for the presence of ABs in Indonesian jamu (Suparmi et al. 2018). Later, Suparmi et al. (2019) reported that methyl eugenol at levels amounting to 2.6–443.7 μg/g was detected in 49 out of 114 samples of herbal beverages (including 30 samples of jamu). PAs were detected in 34 out of 35 jamu containing PA-producing botanicals, in the range of 12.3–235.4 μg/kg. A total PA level of 5.9–3.4 μg/kg was found in 17 out of 23 jamu made of non-PA-producing botanicals pointing to contamination with PA-producing plants (Suparmi et al. 2020).