China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Routine maternal immunizations for all pregnant women
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Neisseria meningitidis is the second most common cause of meningitis in the United States. Large epidemics are often the result of infection with N. Meningitidis serotype A and C. A protein conjugate meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) providing protection against serotypes A, C, Y and W-135 is now available (29).
Prevention
Published in William Bonnez, Guide to Genital HPV Diseases and Prevention, 2019
William Bonnez, Darron R. Brown, Cynthia M. Rand
As of April 30, 2008, 12 million doses of Gardasil had been distributed in the United States and 7802 reports had be made to VAERS. Among those were 31 reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome, 10 of which were confirmed; 5 of them occurred with the concurrent administration of the meningococcal vaccine (Menactra). Of the 21 unconfirmed cases, 7 did not meet the case definition, 1 had symptoms before vaccination, 4 were unconfirmed, and 9 were awaiting additional follow-up. Fifteen deaths were reported. Ten of the cases had enough information. It was concluded that no causal association could be made with the administration of Gardasil. CDC supports since 2001 the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) network, which regroups six academic centers with vaccine safety expertise. Two of these centers, Johns Hopkins University and Boston Medical Center, have respectively reviewed the cases of transverse myelitis and Guillain Barré syndrome that have been reported to VAERS from the time of Gardasil licensure up to August 2008. By that time almost 20 million doses had been dispensed. Two cases of transverse myelitis, and 9 cases of Guillain Barré syndrome (4 had also received the meningococcal vaccine Menacta) occurred within 4 to 42 days after vaccination. The evidence to establish a causal link was deemed insufficient. This study also showed that most cases of Guillain Barré syndrome did not meet the case definition.
Role of Bacteria in Blood Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Kannan Balaji, Gnanasekaran JebaMercy, K. Balamurugan
The N. meningitides strain is characteristics for its successful immune evasion strategies. Although vaccines have been developed against some serogroups, a universal meningococcal vaccine remains a challenge because of their frequent antigenic varying ability of the organism; it also mimics host structures. N. meningitides is established as a successful pathogen with the help of a number of virulence mechanism and includes the capsule layer, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and a number of surface-expressed adhesive proteins.
Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of acute transverse myelitis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Nanthaya Tisavipat, Eoin P Flanagan
Eculizumab is a humanized complement inhibitor targeting C5. Inhibiting C5 cleavage into C5b theoretically prevents formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) which destroys astrocytes and bystanding neurons [188–190]. In the randomized, time-to-event PREVENT trial, only 3% of AQP4+NMOSD patients receiving eculizumab (900 mg infusion weekly for 4 weeks, followed by 1,200 mg every 2 weeks), with or without concomitant immunosuppressant, had relapses compared to 43% receiving placebo. All patients received meningococcal vaccine before treatment or placebo. Serious adverse events occurred in a quarter of patients, similarly between eculizumab and placebo groups, and were related to infection [191]. Meningitis from meningococcal infection is the most feared complication and vaccination for all available variants is mandatory prior to starting treatment and prophylactic antibiotics should be strongly considered, particularly in those transitioning from B-cell depleting treatments in whom response to vaccinations are attenuated.
A policy review of the introduction of the MenACWY vaccine in toddlers across multiple countries
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Charalampos Valmas, Emanuele Arcà, Marja Hensen, Habeeda Rashid
Several recent studies have reviewed IMD vaccination policies. Epidemiological trends and the availability of new vaccines have led many authors to assess the current status of IMD vaccination policies around the globe. In particular, Booy et al. (2019) found that many countries affected by an increase in MenW cases enhanced surveillance to monitor meningococcal disease and that an increasing number of countries have implemented vaccination campaigns to prevent MenW in infants, toddlers, and/or adolescents [58]. Presa et al. (2019) reviewed MenACWY vaccine studies that span multiple age groups and found that the MenACWY vaccine generally demonstrated similar tolerability and immunogenicity in comparison with other meningococcal vaccines and with concomitant administration of other routine vaccines. The authors argue that continual updates to meningococcal vaccine recommendations in response to changing epidemiology, as have been undertaken for MenW, are necessary to promote optimal population protection [59]. Finally, Taha et al. (2020) review the epidemiological trends and the vaccination policies in France with an eye to Europe. The authors concluded that it is time to consider not only national epidemiology but also trends in the region, and in this regard, they claim that an increase of group W cases encourages switching from the MenC to the MenACWY vaccine in both toddlers and adolescents across Europe [18].
Evaluation of meningococcal vaccination policies among colleges and universities — United States, 2017
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Sara E. Oliver, Monica E. Patton, Mary Hoban, Victor Leino, Sarah A. Mbaeyi, Susan Hariri, Jessica R. MacNeil
Among 186 colleges requiring any meningococcal vaccine, most (180; 96.8%) also required proof of immunization, including medical records; 92 (49.5%) required students who declined to comply with meningococcal vaccination requirements to submit documentation stating they decline. Most (157, 84.4%) of the colleges requiring meningococcal vaccine took action to ensure that students comply with vaccine requirements, including preventing unimmunized students from registering for classes in the current semester (34; 18.3%), registering for classes for the following semester (131; 70.4%), participating in sports (37; 19.9%), or living on-campus (48; 25.8%), or requiring students to be counseled by a clinician (44; 23.7%). Additionally, 120 (64.5%) colleges excluded unimmunized students from school during outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, 6 (3.2%) imposed fines or late fees, and 5 (3.8%) placed a hold on student accounts to block privileges. In total, 137 (73.7%) colleges that required meningococcal vaccines received funding to support administrative time to ensure compliance with vaccine requirements; of those, 119 (86.9%) were funded through the health center budget and 18 (13.1%) were funded by the college from another source.