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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) is the propionic acid homolog of 2,4,5-T. Kuron is a low-volatility ester of 2,4,5-TP. 2,4,5-TB is the butyric acid homolog of 2,4,5-T. Fenac or clorfenac is 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid. Dicamba (Banvel) is dichloroanisic acid. MCPA, MCPB, MCPB-ethyl, MCPCA, and MCPP (Mecoprop) are 2-methyl,4-chlorophenoxy aliphatic acids and esters.4
Halogenated insecticides
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its esters, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and its esters, and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and its salts and esters are used as herbicides. The propanoate or butanoate esters are known as MCPB, MCPP, 2,4-DB, Butyrac, Butoxone, Embutox, Silvex, and Tropex. Other herbicides that would be expected to have similar toxicities include erbon, Natrin, dichlorprop, Diphenex (chlomethoxynil), diclofop methyl, mecoprop, Methoxone, phenothiol, bifenox (Modown), fenac, and sesone (2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sulfate). Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin), a contaminant and degradation product of 2,4,5-T and other chlorophenoxy herbicides, is a potent mutagen in experimental systems and is suspected of being mutagenic in humans at extremely low doses.
The impact and toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on health and immunity
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2020
Cindy Peillex, Martin Pelletier
The complement cascade is one of the first defense against pathogens in fish, and glyphosate could alter this critical part of the innate immune system. In European flounder (Platichthys flesus) exposed to environmentally-realistic concentrations of RoundUp®, AMPA, and three other pesticides, e.g. methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (mecoprop), acetochlor, and 2,4-dichlorophenol, an increase in expression of the precursor of C1 inhibitor, a key negative regulator of the complement system, was observed after 62 days of exposure. Of note, no increased expression of the C1 inhibitor precursor was seen following exposure to RoundUp® and AMPA alone; thus, the above-noted effect may be due to the other pesticides (mecoprop, acetochlor, and 2,4-dichlorophenol) (Evrard et al. 2010). Interestingly, Ma et al. (2015) showed a decrease in expression of the C3 component, as well as substantial damage in the kidney (a primary immune organ in fish) in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after 3 and 7 days of subacute glyphosate exposure, suggesting that glyphosate could indeed down-regulate the complement pathway. Therefore, current studies point to a mild inhibitory effect of glyphosate and GBHs on the host complement cascade.