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Synthetic Compounds vs. Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Human Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Jacqueline Maphutha, Namrita Lall
Magnolol, isolated from Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H. Wilson, induced cell death in NRAS-mutant WM1366 and BRAF mutant WM164 melanoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis revealed significant downregulation of p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-ERK (Emran et al., 2019). Methylwogonin, isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, significantly reduced the viability of human melanoma (A375) cells treated with methylwogonin with an IC50 of 72.9 µM (24 hours treatment) and 54.2 µM (48 hours treatment), respectively. Western blotting analysis revealed decreased expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR (Chen et al., 2019). Plantamajoside, isolated from Plantago asiatica L., reduced the viability of the malignant melanoma cell line (A2058) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis revealed that Plantamajoside significantly inhibited the expression of p-Akt (Wang et al., 2020). Lycorine, isolated from Lycoris radiate (L’HÉR.) Herb. at 50 µM, significantly decreased the viability of A375 cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that lycorine significantly inhibited p-Akt and p-mTOR, suggesting that the anti-proliferative activity was due to the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway (Jiang and Liu, 2018).
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Most evaluations of antidepressant effects of magnolia have focused on its two primary bioactive phytochemicals, magnolol and honokiol. When extract of Magnolia officinalis are administered to mice and humans, magnolol and other metabolites are recovered in urine of mice and humans. Two of those substances, magnolol and dihydroxydihydromagnolol, decreased immobility of mice in the forced swim test.14 Mice treated with magnolol that showed reduced immobility in the forced swim test were also found to have been spared reductions of dopaminergic and serotonergic activities in the amygdala, as well as showing increases in noradrenergic activities in the amygdala and frontal cortex.15
Complications of Diabetes and Role of a Citrus Flavonoid Nobiletin in its Treatment
Published in Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Lokesh K. Bhatt, Parkar A. Nishad, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Ram S. Gaud
Several flavonoids from plant sources including isorhamnetin and quercetin and many others have been found to inhibit the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 mRNA in human fibrosarcoma cell line.117 Another bioactive flavonoid, capillarisin, from Artemisia capillaries suppresses MMP-9 expression through the inhibition of the NF-kB-dependent transcriptional activity of MMP-9 gene via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) signaling pathways in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. A polymethoxy flavonoid, nobiletin isolated from citrus fruits has been reported to inhibit the MAPK activity and decrease the sequential phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). It exhibits the antitumor metastatic activity by suppressing pro-MMP-9 expression in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells.118Magnolia obovata contains obovatal, which inhibits MMP-2 enzyme activity, expression of migration and invasion of human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells.100 Isoginkgetin, a biflavonoid from Metasequoia glyptostroboides, has been identified to decrease the MMP-9 production and thereby inhibit the tumor cell invasion.119 Resveratrol has been reported to inhibit the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and inhibits the proliferation in multiple myeloma cell lines, thereby inducing apoptotic cell death.120 Magnolol, an active component isolated from M. officinalis, has been reported to be useful in atherosclerosis through the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced MMP-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyaniding 3-rutinoside isolated from Morus alba L. has been found to decrease the expressions of MMP-2 in metastatic A549 human lung carcinoma cells.121 Mulberry, the fruit of M. alba, is commonly used in Traditional Chinese medicines rich in polyphenols including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, caffeic acid, epicatechin, and rutin, which have been found to slow down proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) in atherosclerosis through the inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expressions. MMP-2 plays crucial roles in the migration and invasion of human aortic VSMC which is strongly linked to atherosclerosis.122G. biloba extract contains several flavonoids and is reported to downregulate the mRNA expression of MMP-9 in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders.123 Another study conducted on genistein, a soy isoflavonoid, reported that it inhibits invasion in human breast carcinoma cell lines by diminishing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.124
Recent advances in natural therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Xue-Jun Wang, Jin-Yang Chen, Luo-Qin Fu, Mei-Juan Yan
Magnolol (16), a biphenol compound extracted from Magnolia officinalis, possesses anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities against ovarian, breast, and prostate cancers. 2-O-methylmagnolol (MM1, 17) is a magnolol derivative possessing a single methoxy moiety and was found to be potentially effective against skin cancers and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through its ability to inhibit IL-6/STAT3 signaling.62 The IC50 value of MM1 was 46.06 μM in OSCC cells in vitro. In mice, intraperitoneal daily injection of MM1 (5 mg/Kg) for 31 days significantly suppressed the growth of implanted tumors. Current treatments of OSCC include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, these treatments have limited efficacy and patient survival is relatively low. With further more in depth studies, MM1 may hold promise as a candidate to facilitate the development of more effective anti-carcinogenic agents for the treatment of OSCC.
Gold nano particles synthesized from Magnolia officinalis and anticancer activity in A549 lung cancer cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Yuanyuan Zheng, Jianwu Zhang, Rui Zhang, Zhuang Luo, Chu Wang, Shaoqing Shi
Numerous other factors are also connected with lung cancer development such as exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos, silica, radon, arsenic and air pollution [14,15]. Habitual utilization of conventional phytochemicals is capable of lessening the risk and enlargement of definite cancers [16]. Magnolia officinalis belongs to Magnoliaceae family and is used for many disorders like cough, body pain, nervousness, gastrointestinal disorders and sensitive allergic diseases. Root and stem of Magnolia officinalis was shown to have anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties, muscle relaxation property and effective against cardiovascular diseases [17–20]. Previous studies prove that Magnolol displays anti-cancer activity by reducing differentiation, proliferation, and restrains angiogenesis, counteracting metastasis [21–24].
Improved oral bioavailability of magnolol by using a binary mixed micelle system
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Pinggang Ding, Hongxue Shen, Jianan Wang, Jianming Ju
Magnolol (MO), a lignin compound isolated from the root and stem bark of magnolia officinalis, has attracted much attention worldwide due to its extensive and significant biological activities [1]. Owing to its anti-bacterial [2], anti-inflammatory [3], anti-anxiety [4] and anti-oxidative effects [5], it has wide clinical applications. In addition, compared to conventional anticancer drugs, the anti-cancer mechanism of MO is multi-targeted. For example, MO has been shown to inhibit DNA synthesis and activate apoptosis to suppress human colon and liver cancer cells [6]. It also inhibits the growth of gallbladder cancer cells through the p53 pathway [7]. Furthermore, MO induces H460 cell death via autophagy [8]. Therefore, MO is a promising and potential anti-cancer drug; however, low solubility and bioavailability limit its applications. Therefore, it is essential to develop a novel delivery system (DDS) that can improve the solubility of MO.