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Antihypertensive effects of oriental drugs in human and SHR
Published in H. Saito, Y. Yamori, M. Minami, S.H. Parvez, New Advances in SHR Research –, 2020
Hideaki Higashino, Aritomo Suzuki, Koichiro Komai
Aristolochia contorta Bge. (ref.A, 1990; ref.4a, 1957; ref.4b, 1958; ref.4c, 1959; ref.4d, 1960). Crude drug of this plant roots caused hypotensive effect on the various animals by both methods of intravenous and oral administration. Intravenous administration of the decoction was mostly effective in the anesthetized animals treated with several different administrations. It was suspected that this effect was caused through the united mechanism of the sympathetic nervous systems. The main effective component, magnoflorin (2 mg/kg, i.v.), decreased blood pressure by 40-50% and persisted for 90-120 min in anesthetized cats. Magnoflorine was supposed to block a sympathetic transmission especially in the ganglion as a nicotinic but not as a muscarinic substance.
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Bark contains a bitter crystalline principle identical with berberine, a volatile oil, and some resin. The fruit contains about 1.5% of an essential oil consisting chiefly of 1 -α-phellandrene with small amounts of linalol etc. Leaves yield an essential oil which has carbonyl compound identified as methyl n-nonyl ketone. The ketone-free fraction contained linalyl acetate, sesquiterpene, hydrocarbon, and tricosane. From the stem bark, dictamnine has been isolated.178 The roots yielded the alkaloids dictamnine, γ-fagarine, magnoflorine, skimmianine, xanthoplanine. The stem bark and wood also yield the alkaloid magnoflorine.10,893
Inhibiting Low-Density Lipoproteins Intimal Deposition and Preserving Nitric Oxide Function in the Vascular System
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Atherogenesis encompasses the entry and chronic deposition of low-density lipoprotein in arterial intima. High-density lipoprotein inhibits intimal oxidation of low-density lipoproteins.4 Magnoflorine (Figure 5.5) from Coptis chinensis Franch. prevented copper-induced oxidative insults of low-density lipoprotein in vitro with an IC50 value equal to 2.3 µM.84 Furthermore, this alkaloid at 5 µM maintained the ability of high-density lipoprotein to protect low-density lipoprotein from copper.84 Epiberberine, coptisine, and groenlandicine inhibited the enzymatic activity of aldose reductase with IC50 values equal to 33.6, 37.8, and 45.1 μg/mL, respectively.85 A single intraperitoneal bolus of palmatine at a dose of 50 mg/kg, 1 h before ischemia followed by reperfusion increased ±dp/dt from 2928 to 3388 mmHg/s, reduced LVRDP from 12 to 8 mmHg and halved the area of myocardial infarction. A single intraperitoneal bolus of palmatine at a dose of 50 mg/kg, 1 h before ischemia followed by reperfusion for lowered serum low-density lipoprotein. Malondialdehyde was reduced by 30%.86 In cardiac tissues, a palmatine increased the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase by about 30% and 20%, respectively. The expression of inducible nitric oxide and synthetase cyclooxygenase-2 were reduced.86 In human aortic endothelial cells cultured in vitro, palmatine at 10 µM boosted the expression of heme oxygenase-1.86 Coptisine given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 21 days reduced the mortality of Sprague–Dawley rats with myocardium infarction induced by isoprotenolol from 76% to 40%.87 Electrocardiograms of treated rodents evidenced a decrease in ST-segment, elevation and normalization of Q waves.87 Furthermore, myocardial enzymes creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase were reduced.87 Malondialdehyde was reduced, and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were increased in the heart tissue.87 Histopathological examination of heart tissues evidenced cardioprotection with reduction of necrosis, infiltration of white cells, and decrease in edema.87 In addition, coptisine reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the heart tissue by 80% compared with the untreated group.87
Integrated serum pharmacochemistry and investigation of the anti-gastric ulcer effect of Zuojin pill in rats induced by ethanol
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Jiaying Zhang, Yi Yin, Qianqian Xu, Xiaoqing Che, Chen Yu, Yan Ren, Dongsheng Li, Juanjuan Zhao
Aporphine alkaloids are another type of alkaloid from CC that display various biological activities, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, reversal of multidrug resistance, and antiviral activities (Liu et al. 2014). Aporphine alkaloids are characterised by a tetracyclic aromatic basic skeleton, including the phenol oxidative coupling of a benzylisoquinoline precursor (Ge and Wang 2018). Magnoflorine, a representative aporphine alkaloid found in CC, was first analysed. Molecular ions M+ and fragment ions, including [M-45]+, [M-60]+ and [M-77]+, were easily detected in the magnoflorine spectrum. The fragmentation pathways are shown in Figure 3A, from which we found aporphine alkaloids easily broke and recombined the side chain. According to the diagnostic fragmentation pathways [M-45]+, [M-60]+ and [M-77]+ and accurate mass measurement within 5 ppm error, peaks 14 and 22 were assigned as menisperine and stephabine, respectively. The typical mass spectra of menisperine and its fragmentation pathways are exhibited in Figure 3B.
Coptidis Rhizoma: a comprehensive review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Jin Wang, Lin Wang, Guan-Hua Lou, Hai-Rong Zeng, Ju Hu, Qin-Wan Huang, Wei Peng, Xiang-Bo Yang
After oral intake of berberine, the AUC0-t in mice with PI-IBS was higher than that in normal mice, while the total body clearance decreased significantly (Gong et al. 2014). In a pharmacokinetic study, magnoflorine showed lower bioavailability and faster absorption and elimination. However, pharmacokinetic parameters altered remarkably when magnoflorine was administered in a CR decoction. Oral gavage of a CR decoction decreased the absorption and elimination rates of magnoflorine, which revealed the pharmacokinetic interactions between magnoflorine and the rest of ingredients in CR (Xue B et al. 2015). Berberine in plasma was quickly eliminated after intravenous injection of CR; however, berberine could penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reached the hippocampus with a rapid increase and slow elimination (Wang et al. 2005; Table 8).
Sub-chronic toxicity of an aqueous extract of Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. Et Zucc.) Maxim. in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Lei Song, Yating Zhou, Yuxia Zhai, Xiangxiang Huo, Mengying Chen, Hong Shi, Yingli Yu, Yue Zhang, Kun Zhou
Some in vitro studies have suggested that aqueous extracts of Epimedii Folium are cytotoxic to HL7702 hepatocytes (half-maximal inhibitory concentration: 706.25 μg/mL) and HepG2 cells (half-maximal inhibitory concentration: 442.07 μg/mL) (Zhang et al. 2020a). The toxicity of some AEE constituents has also been reported. 2′′-O-rhamnosyl icariside II (66 μg/mL) and baohuoside 1 (32 μg/mL) caused a significant increase in AST in both HL-7702 cells and HepG2 cells (Zhang et al. 2019a). Sagittatoside B and 2-O-rhamnosylicariside II caused liver degeneration, hepatocellular vacuolization, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in zebrafish at 25 μM (Zhong et al. 2019). Magnoflorine was toxic to U251 brain tumor cells (half-maximal inhibitory concentration: 7 μg/mL) and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (half-maximal inhibitory concentration: 0.4 μg/mL) (Xu et al. 2020b). Liver and kidney injury induced by Chinese herbal medicines can be partly attributed to chlorogenic acid (Li et al. 2010). Baohuoside 1 inhibits lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo (Ma et al. 2004). The toxicity of Epimedii Folium in mice has also been reported: an aqueous extract of E. Brevicornu Maxim. exhibited toxicity after 8 weeks of administration (20 g/kg), increasing TGs and decreasing the uterus and thymus coefficients in female mice. In male mice, 40 g/kg increased the levels of AST, CRE, TP, and the thymus and spleen coefficients (Wang et al. 2018). Our results revealed that the lowest dose used in this study (7.5 g/kg) is the equivalent of approximately 8.5 times the maximum dose in the Chinese Pharmacopeia and still exerted effects; the no-observed-adverse-effect level should be determined.