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CBRN and the Trauma Victim
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Lewisite (named after its inventor) is a lethal arsenic-based blistering agent with initial acid-like effects with immediate pain and grey coloured chemical burns. The arsenic component also causes systemic toxicity (arsenic poisoning) and death due to inhibition of glucose metabolism leading to haemolysis, renal failure, distributive hypovolemia and lung damage if inhaled.
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
This substance is primarily injurious as a topical vesicant with toxic effects similar to the sulfur mustards but with onset of a severe burning sensation almost immediately after application. A single layer of clothing has a substantial protective effect against lewisite vapor, hence this substance would be a hazard primarily as a liquid in this setting. Despite some evidence for systemic absorption in the case of liquid or vapor applications to the skin, significant respiratory effects of lewisite are only seen in the case of inhalational (nonmasked) exposures.
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Lewisite Poisonous arsenic compound used in gas warfare. First produced from acetylene and arsenic chloride by Belgian-born American chemist, Julius Arthur Niewland (1878–1936), who realized its deadly nature and discontinued his research. It was later developed into a weapon for use in World War 1 by W. Lee Lewis (1879–1943) of North Western University in America and named Lewisite in his honor. See gas warfare.
High throughput and targeted screens for prepilin peptidase inhibitors do not identify common inhibitors of eukaryotic gamma-secretase
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Pradip Kumar Singh, Michael S. Donnenberg
The test strains were grown in EZ-rich medium (5 ml, Teknova) at 37°C with shaking (225 RPM), and the bfp operon was induced with 1 mM IPTG when the OD600 reached 0.4. After 2 hours, the cell mass was harvested by centrifugation, lysed in SDS-PAGE loading buffer, and analyzed by Western blot using an anti-bundlin antibody (see the tertiary screen for the detail). Various concentrations of FlAsH-EDT2 (Fluorescein Arsenical Helix Binder; Lumio Green, Sigma) were added to the medium to select the best concentration for distinguishing FP signals. Thereafter, to reduce its background signal from nonspecific binding, British anti-Lewisite (BAL) reagents, a chemical (2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol, Sigma) that binds to arsenic and free EDT2 [55], was added. Various concentrations of the BAL reagents and its incubation time and temperature were optimized to reduce nonspecific fluorescence.
Phosgene oxime: a highly toxic urticant and emerging chemical threat
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Satyendra K. Singh, Joshua A. Klein, Holly N. Wright, Neera Tewari-Singh
Among the weapons of mass destruction (WMD), chemical substances whose toxic properties can be utilized to kill, incapacitate, or cause devastating injuries to human beings, are known as chemical weapons. Chemical weapons have been synthesized, stockpiled, and used in warfare as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) or in acts of terrorism on the civilian population (Dacre and Goldman 1996; Ganesan et al. 2010). The main categories of CWAs include: (i) nerve agents (G-agents are sarin, cyclosarin, tabun, and soman; V-agents include VE, VG, VM, VR and VX), (ii) vesicating agents (blistering agents nitrogen mustard and sulfur mustard, arsenical agents like lewisite, and urticant phosgene oxime), (iii) choking agents or asphyxiants (phosgene, chlorine, chloropicrin etc), (iv) riot control agents (tear gases; chloroacetophenone, chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile, dibenzoxazepine, diphenylaminoarsine), (v) blood agents (cyanide), and (vi) toxic industrial chemicals/toxic industrial materials (TICs/TIMs; chlorine, bromine, hydrogen sulfide, methyl isocyanate, etc.) (Watson and Griffin 1992; Saladi et al. 2006; Geraci 2008; Dickinson and Love 2017; Goswami et al. 2018). The first well-documented report on the use of CWAs was in April 1915, when the German Army used thousands of cylinders of chlorine gas in the Battle of Ypres during World War I (WWI) (Ganesan et al. 2010). Toxic chemicals including chlorine, sulfur mustard (mustard gas; SM), phosgene, and nerve agents like sarin have been used in various conflicts since WWI, including the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s (Ganesan et al. 2010).
Involvement of metallothionein, homocysteine and B-vitamins in the attenuation of arsenic-induced uterine disorders in response to the oral application of hydro-ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed: a preliminary study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Suryashis Jana, Sandip Chattopadhyay, Arindam Dey, Hasina Perveen, Durgapada Dolai
BAL (British anti lewisite), DMSA (meso 2, 3 dimercaptosuccinic acid) and DMPS (sodium 2, 3-dimercaptopropane 1-sulfonate) are implicated as invasive chelating agents in the management of arsenic toxicity (Flora and Pachauri 2010). Prolonged use of the above agents is questionable due to its painful intramuscular route of treatment with moderate to severe side effects. Hence, researchers are compelling their attention to address the use of noninvasive oral treatment strategy against arsenic in experimental model animal via nutraceuticals or drug from the herbal source such as Mentha piperita, Moringa oleifera (MO), Phyllanthus emblica, Emblica officinalis and Terminalia arjuna (Sharma et al. 2007, Chattopadhyay et al. 2011, Sayed et al. 2015, Singh et al. 2015, Maity et al. 2018). Among these, the medicinal plant MO is easily accessible throughout India. The different plant parts like leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc. are reasonably inexpensive. Aqueous seed extract and ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera have been demonstrated for its anti-proliferative efficacy against breast cancer cells and hepatocarcinoma respectively (Budda et al. 2011, Minaiyan et al. 2014, Adebayo et al. 2017, Sadek et al. 2017). Moringin, an isothiocyanate of MO seeds in combination with cannabidiol have been shown to be established its antioxidative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in murine macrophages in vitro by a consecutive down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-2 (Rajan et al. 2016). MO protects the body from cardiovascular diseases and also acts as a good anti-diabetic agent (Mehta et al. 2003, Gupta et al. 2012). The important minerals zinc, calcium, iron, magnesium and copper are found in MO seeds. Different vitamins present in MO seeds serve unique antioxidative roles (Anwar et al. 2007, Qi et al. 2016, Saini et al. 2016). The soluble dietary fiber of MO seeds could strengthen the immune system (Singh et al. 2009, Anudeep et al. 2016).