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Experimental Lung Carcinogenesis by Intratracheal Instillation
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
In recent years, PACs, especially B(a)P, have been used in studies of cocarcinogenic or syncarcinogenic effects of environmental or occupational hazards. Ishinishi et al. (1977) and Pershagen et al. (1984) found indications of a synergism between arsenic trioxide and B(a)P in rats and hamsters. Shabad et al. (1974) also found indication of a synergism between chrysotile asbestos and B(a)P. Little et al. (1978) investigated the interaction between instilled B(a)P and polonium 210 radiation in the induction of lung cancer in Syrian golden hamsters. They observed additive effects after simultaneous administration. A significant synergistic interaction between the two agents also occurred when B(a)P exposure followed 4 months after 210Po exposure. Metivier et al. (1984) also demonstrated multiplicative effects of IT-instilled B(a)P and inhaled plutonium oxide on lung carcinogenesis in rats. Kobayashi and Okamoto (1974) examined the carcinogenic effects of lead oxide and/or B(a)P in Syrian golden hamsters by IT instillation. They found bronchiolar-alveolar adenomas and adenocarcinomas in the lungs of hamsters given B(a)P mixed with lead oxide, whereas no tumors occurred in the other groups. Heinrich et al. (1986) examined the syncarcinogenic effects of diesel exhaust after administration of PACs or N-nitroso compounds in rats, hamsters, or mice. They found synergistic effects only in rats.
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
The remaining discussion of the identification of cumulative effects of lead contamination on the fetus throughout the gestation period proceeds on the assumption that the growing fetus is vulnerable, whatever its stage of development. For comparison there are only a few reported cases of short-term, high-lead exposures beyond the first trimester. In Denmark four pregnancies of 5 or more months duration, for which ingested lead oxide was used as the abortifacient, resulted in three normal infants, one abortion, and one postnatal death at 2 months possibly related to intrauterine toxicity.95 In Nebraska an 8-month pregnant mother with a 2-month inhalation of battery casing fumes as her source of family lead exposure had a blood lead level of 240 μg/100 mℓ and delivered a normal child 1 month after a 7-day course of intravenous calcium disodium ethylene diaminetetracetate. The cord blood at the time of delivery was below 60 μg/100 mℓ. The other four children with blood concentrations similar to their mother all had symptoms ranging from hyperactivity to fatal encephalopathy. At 4 years and 3 months, a complete pediatric-neurologic examination and developmental assessment of the child born following therapy was normal. No abnormalities were found in the electroencephalogram, radiographs of the skull and long bones, urinalysis, or blood count.94
Commentary
Published in Yvette Hunt, The Medicina Plinii, 2019
Spuma agenti: literally “foam of silver” and commonly translated as litharge. This is lead oxide created as a “waste” product during the final stage of silver smelting. For details regarding its production and use see Dioscorides (MM 5.87.3–12) and Rehren et al. (1999, 299–308).
Some data on the comparative and combined toxic activity of nanoparticles containing lead and cadmium with special attention to their vasotoxicity
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Marina P. Sutunkova, Ilzira A. Minigalieva, Svetlana V. Klinova, Vladimir G. Panov, Vladimir B. Gurvich, Larisa I. Privalova, Renata R. Sakhautdinova, Vladimir Ya. Shur, Ekaterina V. Shishkina, Tatiana N. Shtin, Julia V. Riabova, Boris A. Katsnelson
It should be noted that all the toxicological studies published up to now involved water solutions of lead and cadmium salts while the above-mentioned epidemiological studies considered lead or cadmium exposure in general without specifying the physical form of these metals. In the first paragraph of this Section, we highlighted the special practical importance of occupational and environmental impacts of metal-containing nanoparticles on humans. Meantime, although multi-faceted toxic properties of nanoparticles formed by lead and, to a lesser extent, by cadmium have been considered in a few experimental studies, particularly those carried out by our team (Minigalieva et al. 2017b; Minigaliyeva et al. 2020; Panov et al. 2020, Sutunkova et al. 2020) researchers paid little attention (if any) to the vaso-cardiotoxicity of such nanoparticles. Thus, in a recently published experimental study on short-time inhalation of lead-oxide nanoparticles (Sutunkova et al. 2020), we described virtually the same hemodynamic indices of intoxication as had been demonstrated by Klinova et al. (2020) under subchronic exposure to IP-injected lead acetate.
The effects of nano-sized PbO on biomarkers of membrane disruption and DNA damage in a sub-chronic inhalation study on mice
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Lucie Bláhová, Zuzana Nováková, Zbyněk Večeřa, Lucie Vrlíková, Bohumil Dočekal, Jana Dumková, Kamil Křůmal, Pavel Mikuška, Marcela Buchtová, Aleš Hampl, Klára Hilscherová, Luděk Bláha
The histopathological changes were found in all exposed organs following 13 weeks of inhalation of lead oxide nanoparticles (Supplementary Table S2). In lung tissue, we observed peribronchiolar and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates, atelectasis, bronchiolitis, hyperemia with congested capillaries, alveolar emphysema, hemostasis with siderophages and foamy macrophages (Figure 5(A–D)). In the liver, there were mononuclear cell infiltrates, focal necrosis with degenerating hepatocytes, polynuclear hepatocytes, macrovesicular steatosis, hemostase with affected sinusoids, hepatic remodeling, hypertrophic hepatocytes and numerous infiltrates in the portal area (Figure 5(E–H)). In exposed kidneys, perivascular and peritubular inflammatory cell infiltrates, obliteration of vessels, glomerular metaplasia, higher cellularity in glomeruli and dilatation of proximal tubules were observed (Figure 5(I–L)).
An overview of experiments with lead-containing nanoparticles performed by the Ekaterinburg nanotoxicological research team
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Ilzira A. Minigaliyeva, Marina P. Sutunkova, Vladimir B. Gurvich, Tatiana V. Bushueva, Svetlana V. Klinova, Svetlana N. Solovyeva, Ivan N. Chernyshov, Irene E. Valamina, Vladimir Y. Shur, Ekaterina V. Shishkina, Oleg H. Makeyev, Vladimir G. Panov, Larisa I. Privalova, Boris A. Katsnelson
Engineered lead-oxide nanoparticles (PbO-NP) find certain applications in science and technology, mainly for magnetic resonance, magnetic data storage, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as in industries manufacturing batteries, gas sensors, pigments, ceramics, and glass. Lead sulfide nanostructures (PbS-NP and nano-wires) have applications in optics and as ammonia gas-sensing agents. However, lead’s high toxicity renders medical applications of Pb-containing NPs (in contrast to other metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles) a priori hardly possible, apart, perhaps, from applications taking advantage of their antimicrobial activity (Khalil et al. 2020). This may possibly explain why nano-toxicologists virtually neglect the problem considered in the present paper.