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Biochemistry of Caffeine's Influence On Exercise Performance
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Jane Shearer, Robyn F. Madden, Jill A. Parnell
Caffeine can be found as an alkaloid (pill, powder), but is also naturally occurring in the nuts, beans, leaves, and berries of various plants (61), such as the kola nut, guarana seed, and yerba mate. However, caffeine is most notably recognized as a derivative of tea and coffee—typically the second and third most abundantly consumed beverages in adults worldwide after water. Over the past decade, the number of caffeine-containing foods and beverages available to consumers has increased exponentially. Among children and adolescents, caffeine-containing energy drinks have become popular, with an estimated 74% of youth in North America consuming these products and 16% consuming more than two within a day (75). These statistics are highly concerning, as the low body mass of children can expose them to significant amounts of the drug (39, 40). Aside from naturally caffeinated beverages, the alkaloid form can be an additive to various foods and drinks, including chocolate, gums, candy, and alcohol. Furthermore, caffeine has pharmaceutical properties and can be found in analgesics, cold and sinus preparations, and appetite suppressants (46). Within sport, the majority of studies have examined alkaloid caffeine, although a greater number are now starting to examine alternative forms, including mouthwashes, candy (e.g., jellybeans), energy drinks, gum, and coffee.
Stimulants and psychedelics
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Caffeine is a naturally occurring alkaloid substance of the methyl-xanthine class found in numerous plant species worldwide, and is the most frequently consumed central nervous stimulant in the world (Fulgoni et al., 2015). Coffee beans, tea leaves, cocoa beans, and kola nuts are the primary natural sources of this compound. Caffeine is also added to numerous foods and beverages (e.g., soft drinks, energy drinks and alcoholic drinks), and certain dietary supplements and medications.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Kola nut important for its caffeine content and flavor; caffeine content 2.4 to 2.6%. Nuts also contain theobromine (<0.1%) and other alkaloids, and narcotic properties. Seeds also contain betaine, starch, tannic acid, catechin, epicatechin, fatty matter, sugar, and a fat-decomposing enzyme. From a bromatological point of view, cola fruits contain, per 100 g, 148 calories, 62.9% water, 2.2% protein, 0.4% fat, 33.7% carbohydrates, 1.4% fiber, 0.8% ash, 58 mg Ca, 86 mg P, 2.0 mg Fe, 25 μg carotene, 0.03 mg thiamine, 0.03 mg niacin, 0.54 mg riboflavin, and 54 mg ascorbic acid.21Hager’s Handbook suggests 1.5 to 2% caffeine, up to 0.1% theobromine, 0.3 to 0.4% D-catechin, 0.25% betaine, 6.7% protein, 2.9% sugar, 34% starch, 3% gum, 0.5% fat, 29% cellulose, and 12% water.33
Effect of simultaneous coffee/caffeine and ethanol administration on sperm quality and reproductive hormones: an experimental study in Sprague Dawley rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
J. S. Aprioku, R. Boms, D. O. Ife-tubiyele
Alcohol is a psychoactive substance widely consumed by the young and old globally. It is capable of causing abuse and dependence which is a major public health concern (Holst et al. 2017). Aside from the availability of a variety of alcohol-containing drinks, alcohol is used in several other food and drug products that are frequently consumed. Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, is used widely, particularly among students and youths to remain alert and awake. Like alcohol, caffeine consumption is socially acceptable and has abuse potential (Cecile et al. 2016, Watson 2017). Caffeine is contained in a considerable number of products which are readily available and frequently consumed, like beverages and foods (e.g., coffee, tea, and cocoa beans), kola nuts, many popular soft drinks (e.g., Coca-Cola, Pepsi, etc.), sweets, ice-creams, cakes, and chocolates. It is also added in many drug preparations like over-the-counter drugs including, analgesics, diet-aids, and cold/flu remedies.
Health effects, sources, utilization and safety of tannins: a critical review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kartik Sharma, Vikas Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Ankit Goyal, Rakesh Sharma, Yogesh Gat, Ashwani Kumar
Seguin coined the term ‘’Tannin’’(C76H52O46), (commonly known as tannic acid) for substances present in the extracts of vegetables and responsible for the animal skin conversion into leather (Chung et al.1998, Ghosh, 2015). The tannins are majorly categorized into two groups, namely, condensed tannins (non-hydrolyzable) and hydrolyzable tannins. They are naturally present in leaves, seeds, bark, roots, fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals, shrubs and in more than 40 herbs (Hassanpour et al.2011, Ghosh, 2015). Tannins are consumed by more than 80% of the world population in one or another form. Its consumption is more frequent among children and adults through beverages such as tea, coffee and wine, beer as it elevates the mood and lessens the fatigue (Morton, 1992). It is present in high amount in kola nut which is commonly chewed by people in West African countries, as well as in Guarana seeds; which is added in soft drinks in American countries and Brazil (Kumar et al.2018).
Substance use among commercial motorcyclists and its relationship with life satisfaction and significant depressive symptoms
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Adetunji Obadeji, Banji F. Kumolalo, Adedotun Samuel Ajiboye, Lateef Olutoyin Oluwole, Kehinde O. Oderinde, Rose Chidindu Ebeyi
About two-thirds of the participants in this study had used one substance or the other in their lifetime albeit common local psychoactive substances such as kola nut and caffeine were not included. Furthermore, nearly half of the population studied were current users of one drug or the other. Similar to other studies (Adamson et al., 2015; Ndikom, 2014; Oladele et al., 2012), alcohol was the commonest substance used by participants, followed by tobacco, tramadol, and marijuana, in that order, with nearly a third being poly-drug users. The prevalence of substances reported in this study was greater than the national prevalence [lifetime alcohol use (39%), current use (24.5%), lifetime use of tobacco was 12.2%; current use of 5.3%, lifetime marijuana use (6.6%) and current use of 1.8%, lifetime use of amphetamines was 2.6%, current use was 1.0%] reported by Adamson et al. (2015), implying a higher rates of substance use compared with the general population. Most of these substance users were low to moderate risk users, suggesting that feedback and brief intervention may go a long way in limiting progression to high-risk users or major health challenges (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 1999).