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Stimulants and psychedelics
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Caffeine is a naturally occurring alkaloid substance of the methyl-xanthine class found in numerous plant species worldwide, and is the most frequently consumed central nervous stimulant in the world (Fulgoni et al., 2015). Coffee beans, tea leaves, cocoa beans, and kola nuts are the primary natural sources of this compound. Caffeine is also added to numerous foods and beverages (e.g., soft drinks, energy drinks and alcoholic drinks), and certain dietary supplements and medications.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Kola nut important for its caffeine content and flavor; caffeine content 2.4 to 2.6%. Nuts also contain theobromine (<0.1%) and other alkaloids, and narcotic properties. Seeds also contain betaine, starch, tannic acid, catechin, epicatechin, fatty matter, sugar, and a fat-decomposing enzyme. From a bromatological point of view, cola fruits contain, per 100 g, 148 calories, 62.9% water, 2.2% protein, 0.4% fat, 33.7% carbohydrates, 1.4% fiber, 0.8% ash, 58 mg Ca, 86 mg P, 2.0 mg Fe, 25 μg carotene, 0.03 mg thiamine, 0.03 mg niacin, 0.54 mg riboflavin, and 54 mg ascorbic acid.21Hager’s Handbook suggests 1.5 to 2% caffeine, up to 0.1% theobromine, 0.3 to 0.4% D-catechin, 0.25% betaine, 6.7% protein, 2.9% sugar, 34% starch, 3% gum, 0.5% fat, 29% cellulose, and 12% water.33
The art and science of surgery
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
Following successful tests of cocaine on rabbits and humans, Koller announced his discovery at the 1884 Ophthalmologic Congress in Heidelberg. By the end of the nineteenth century, many popular ointments, snuffs, suppositories, cigarettes, cigars, patent medicines, and beverages contained cocaine. The best known is Coca-Cola, a patent medicine introduced in 1886 as a therapeutic agent and general tonic. In addition to coca leaf extract, Coca-Cola contained an extract of the kola nut, which is high in caffeine. By 1906, when the Pure Food and Drug Law was passed in the United States, the makers of Coca-Cola were using decocainized coca leaves, but the caffeine remained.
Health effects, sources, utilization and safety of tannins: a critical review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kartik Sharma, Vikas Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Ankit Goyal, Rakesh Sharma, Yogesh Gat, Ashwani Kumar
Seguin coined the term ‘’Tannin’’(C76H52O46), (commonly known as tannic acid) for substances present in the extracts of vegetables and responsible for the animal skin conversion into leather (Chung et al.1998, Ghosh, 2015). The tannins are majorly categorized into two groups, namely, condensed tannins (non-hydrolyzable) and hydrolyzable tannins. They are naturally present in leaves, seeds, bark, roots, fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals, shrubs and in more than 40 herbs (Hassanpour et al.2011, Ghosh, 2015). Tannins are consumed by more than 80% of the world population in one or another form. Its consumption is more frequent among children and adults through beverages such as tea, coffee and wine, beer as it elevates the mood and lessens the fatigue (Morton, 1992). It is present in high amount in kola nut which is commonly chewed by people in West African countries, as well as in Guarana seeds; which is added in soft drinks in American countries and Brazil (Kumar et al.2018).
Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of caffeine in rat model of neurotoxicity
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Eman N. Hosny, Hussein G. Sawie, Mohamed E. Elhadidy, Yasser A. Khadrawy
The psychostimulant caffeine is known as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine and is the most widely consumed substance in the world. Caffeine is naturally found in coffee beans, tea leaves, kola nuts, cocoa beans, and guarana berries.17 Because of its high degree of lipid solubility, caffeine can easily cross the blood–brain barrier and reach the brain18 where it exerts a variety of behavioral effects, including physical endurance, stimulating wakefulness, decreasing the sensation of fatigue, and enhancing mental alertness and concentration.19 Caffeine is structurally similar to adenosine and it has the potential to occupy adenosine A1 and A2A receptors.19 The A1 receptors are located densely in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.20 The stimulation of A1 receptors inhibits Ach release from pyramidal hippocampal neurons.21 It has been demonstrated that Ach plays an important role in learning and memory.22 Therefore, caffeine can enhance Ach release in the hippocampus by its antagonism of A1 receptors23 resulting in an improvement of memory and learning skills. In addition, caffeine has been shown to provide a neuroprotective effect mediated by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in different animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.24–26
Prevalence of psychoactive substance use among male adolescents in Southwest Nigeria
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Haleem Abdurahman, Olurotimi Adejumo, Jibril Abdulmalik
In addition, lifetime prevalence of non-amphetamine stimulants (caffeine) was the highest reported (41.6%) in this study. This prevalence is similar to the 41.9% obtained in Ile-Ife (F. Fatoye & Morakinyo, 2002) southwest Nigeria. Higher prevalence of lifetime substance use was reported in the in the Almajiri study (49.7%), among male students in Rivers state (58%) (Eneh & Stanley, 2003), and among male secondary-school students in Lagos state (80.5%) (Oshodi et al., 2010). A lower proportion was reported (17%) in the study by Fatoye and Morakinyo (2002) in Enugu Nigeria. However, in the study conducted by Fatoye and Morakinyo (2002) analgesics and pain killers came ahead of non-amphetamine type of stimulants among secondary-school adolescents (F. Fatoye & Morakinyo, 2002). The reason suggested for the high use of caffeine stimulants in the form of coffee beverages, kolanut, and bitter kola is due to the easy accessibility, availability and low costs of this substance. In addition, caffeine containing nuts and fruits forms a part of cultural traditions in the south-eastern and south-western part of Nigeria. It is also widely used by students to keep awake and alert in order to study. In the study by Oshodi et al. (2010) the respondents stated that they primarily consumed caffeine products to prevent falling asleep and to study.