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The Widening Panorama of Natural Products Chemistry in Brazil
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva, João Batista Fernandes, Moacir Rossi Forim, Michelli Massaroli da Silva, Jéssica Cristina Amaral
Fruit waste provides an opportunity to obtain useful and valuable chemicals. For example, 15 million tons of citrus waste accumulates annually from the food and drink processing industry and other minor contributors. Often simply disposed of or incorporated into animal feed, this huge and naturally occurring resource is not being fully taken advantage of, although the means to do so have been successfully demonstrated. It has long been recognized that orange peel represents a promising source of hesperidin, a flavonoid. One million metric tons of peel residues are generated as a result of fruit processing, and thus, an extract of this residue could be considered for the isolation of hesperidin, other flavonoids, and many other compounds. Bellete et al. (2018) showed that several flavonoids present in citrus waste can be isolated using a faster and greener methodology. They observed the presence of flavonoids hesperitin (31), narigenin (32), nobiletin (33), chrysoerythol (34), sinensetin (35), isosakuranetin (36), 3,5,6,7,3′,4′- hexamethoxylflavone (37), 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone (38), 3,5,6,7,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (39) and 5-methoxysalvigenin (40) (Figure 3.8). This class of compounds presents a broad spectrum of biological activities as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, etc. (Cao et al., 1997; Cushnie and Lamb, 2005). Lani et al. (2016) showed the potential of certain flavonoids against the Chikungunya virus, making this study a good example of the potential of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive substances.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of didymin cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: characterization and chemosensitization activity
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Qing Yao, Meng-Ting Lin, Qing-Hua Lan, Zhi-Wei Huang, Ya-Wen Zheng, Xue Jiang, Yin-Di Zhu, Longfa Kou, He-Lin Xu, Ying-Zheng Zhao
Didymin, isosakuranetin-7-beta-rutinoside, is one of the dietary glycosides commonly found in mandarin, bergamot, orange, and other fruits or plants. Didymin has long been recognized as a safe, effective, and inexpensive dietary supplement. We have summarized recent advances in pharmacological activities of didymin and related signaling molecules in many diseases (Yao et al., 2018). For example, Huang et al. (2017) provided evidence that didymin has a significant protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. In our preliminary experimental exploration, we first discovered that didymin could sensitize the cancer cells and increased anti-tumor ability of co-treated chemotherapeutics. This result suggested that didymin, as a natural fruit flavonoid, could be used as an adjuvant drug for resistant cancer sensitization. However, like many other reported hydrophobic flavonoids, didymin has a low water solubility, which leads to low bioavailability. To explore the feasibility of didymin in cancer treatment, formulation strategies that could address the bioavailability issue is needed. Inclusion complex with cyclodextrins was one important physical strategy to improve the solubility of food and pharmaceutical phytochemicals. The cyclodextrin molecule has a unique amphipathic structure, with a relatively hydrophobic internal cavity and a relatively hydrophilic outer portion, which allows the formation a water-soluble inclusion complex with many hydrophobic drugs to increase the aqueous solubility (Adeoye & bral-Marques, 2017). Therefore, the cyclodextrin inclusion complex strategy can increase the bioavailability and maintain the pharmacological activities of guest molecules, and this has become a practical strategy to formulate the hydrophobic health-promoting flavonoids (Pérez-Abril et al., 2017).