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Implication of Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) in Alzheimer’s Disease *
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Sayantan Maitra, Dibyendu Dutta
The precursor of the quinone ring is only 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), which is derived from tyrosine. Mevalonate pathway is the main route to synthesize the isoprenoid tail, which is also common to cholesterol biosynthesis. The initial part of the mevalonate pathway involves the condensation of three acetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA by HMG-CoA reductase, which is the main regulatory enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Mevalonate is subsequently phosphorylated in two steps by mevalonate kinase (MVK) and phosphomevalonate kinase (PMVK). Then, decarboxylation of mevalonate pyrophosphate yields isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is the precursor of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and the building block for the biosynthesis of dolichol and the side chain of CoQ. Isomerization of IPP gives dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), and FPP synthase utilizes IPP and DMAPP to make FPP with the intermediary formation of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). FPP is further converted into cholesterol, dolichols, and CoQ [6]. Decalyprenyl diphosphate synthase (DPS) is a heterotetramer consisting of two different proteins, namely, PDSS1 and PDSS2. DPS catalyzes the condensation of IPP and FPP to produce ten units of prenyldiphosphate (decaprenyl diphosphate). 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-decaprenyl diphosphate transferase (encoded by CoQ2 gene in humans) catalyzes the condensation of PHB with the isoprenoid tail to yield CoQ10 [7,8].
Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Isoprene is utilized by plants to produce terpenes, molecules made from two or more isoprenes, and terpenoids, terpenes that have slight chemical alterations, particularly terpene alcohols. Terpenes and terpenoids are the synthetic compounds responsible for many plant smells and flavors. The carbon skeleton of terpenoids are distinct into five carbon isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) units. Consequently, terpenoids are additionally mentioned as isoprenoids.
Pharmacological Properties of Mulberry (Morus Alba)
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
The chemical composition among different mulberry species varies significantly.13 Literature survey revealed that the Morus plant contains natural isoprenoid substituted phenolic compounds in significant amounts, and these isoprenes have effective potential for pharmacological evaluation. Glucosidase is a drug isolated from the roots of this plant to treat high blood pressure. The root decoction also helps in the blood adherence and in the digestive ailments by killing the worms.
The old world salsola as a source of valuable secondary metabolites endowed with diverse pharmacological activities: a review
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mai H. ElNaggar, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Fatma M. Abdel Bar
Steroids are a group of natural products biosynthesized from the isoprenoid pathway via the 2,3-oxidosqualene (C30) route. Cardenolides are cardioactive steroidal lactones with a 5-membered (furanones) or 6-membered (pyranone) ring at C-17. They are naturally present free or glycosylated with mono- or multi-sugar moieties. Several families are known for their high cardenolides content, such as Asclepidaceae, Apocynaceae, and others72. However, only one report on cardenolides from the Amaranthaceae family has been described. It addressed the isolation of five cardenolides, salsotetragonin 2.1, calactin 2.2, 12-dehydroxyghalakinoside 2.3, desglucouzarin 2.4, and uzarigenin 2.5 from the Algerian plant, Salsola tetragona Delile, Figure 350. Other reported steroids comprised several phytosterols with diversity in the alkyl side chains at C-17, including campesterol 2.6, cholesterol 2.7, and desmosterol 2.8 from S. collina73, β-sitosterol 2.9, stigmastanol 2.10, and stigmasterol 2.11, in addition to a combined phytosterol, stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 2.12 from the aerial parts of S. inermis51.
The Effects of Sterol-Related Signaling Pathways on Glioma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Masoumeh Eslahi, Parisa Maleki Dana, Fatemeh Sadoughi, Jamal Hallajzadeh, Zatollah Asemi, Mehran Sharifi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Bahman Yousefi
One of the essential metabolic pathways in tumor growth and progression is the mevalonate (MVA) pathway that uses acetyl-CoA for producing sterols and isoprenoids in cells (38). Indeed, the MVA pathway is involved in the cell production of sterols, such as cholesterol and non-sterol isoprenoids. Studies have shown that the overexpression of genes involved in the MVA pathway causes cancer-derived missense mutations in p53, which can be seen in the malignant morphology of breast cancer cells (39). Cholesterol is one of the mainstay components of cell membranes and serves as a primary precursor for steroid hormones and vitamin D. Isoprenoids are natural products that have a lot of functions in primary and secondary plant metabolism. Besides, they are used for the synthesis of important biomolecules, such as dolichol, heme A, ubiquinone, and coenzyme Q as well as the hydrophobic chains that anchor proteins to the cell membrane for signal transduction, such as Ras and Rho. Thus, this pathway has been implicated in different processes of tumorigenesis (38).
Statins as an adjunctive therapy for COVID-19: the biological and clinical plausibility
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Tarek Kashour, Rabih Halwani, Yaseen M. Arabi, M. Rizwan Sohail, John C. O’Horo, Andrew D. Badley, Imad M. Tleyjeh
A number of intermediate products of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway are reduced by inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, particularly the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and the farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). These isoprenoid pyrophosphates are important in post-translation modification of proteins through the process of isoprenylation. Among the most important targets of this process are the small GTPase molecules that include Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 family, Ras and Rab family, and others. These molecules play pivotal role in numerous signaling pathways, which are involved in cytoskeletal assembly, vesicle trafficking, cell proliferation and differentiation, and others [27,28,30]. All of these are involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems responses [27,28,30].