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The Journey through the Gene: a Focus on Plant Anti-pathogenic Agents Mining in the Omics Era
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Éderson Akio Kido, Flávia Figueira Aburjaile, Manassés Daniel da Silva, Marislane Carvalho Paz de Souza, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Champagne et al. (2012) applied in-depth proteome analysis (2D-DIGE) on Catharanthus roseus. They identified 63 enzymes potentially implicated in secondary metabolism, 22 of them involved in terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis and 16 predicted transporters associated with SMs. This plant species is considered a biochemical factory, producing more than 100 distinct terpenoid indole alkaloids, some of them showing powerful and important pharmacological attributes, including antimicrobial activity (Almagro et al. 2015).
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
Itoh et al., (2005) reported five new indole alkaloids (Nb-methylajmaline, Nb-methylisoajmaline, 3-hydroxysarpagine, yohimbinic acid, isorauhimbinic acid) along with 2 glycosides and 20 compounds in R. serpentina. The glycoside 6'-O-(3,4,5-trimetoxybenzoyl) glomeratose A is a sucrose derivative, while the 7-epiloganin is an iridoidglucoside. All these compounds are being studied for drug development against various diseases.
Phytochemicals from Wild Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Argentina
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
María Paula Zunino, Andrés Ponce, Alejandra Omarini, Julio Alberto Zygadlo
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco is used in folk medicine for respiratory diseases. The indole alkaloids are the main phytochemical founded in the bark, and they exhibited antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (Bourdy et al. 2004) and analgesic activity (Benoit et al. 1973). The intake of A. quebracho-blanco extracts resulted in a wide variation of the redox state in the different encephalic regions (Canalis et al. 2014). For centuries in Latin America, the male impotence was treated in folk medicine with the bark of Aspidosperma; Sperling et al. (2002) showed that the effect may be caused by its yohimbine content.
A Complex Case of Kratom Dependence, Depression, and Chronic Pain in Opioid Use Disorder: Effects of Buprenorphine in Clinical Management
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2020
There are more than 40 structurally related phytochemical alkaloids that have been isolated from the Kratom tree (Eduardo et al. 2015). Among these, Mitragynine and similar indole alkaloids have received attention from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because of the binding to opioid receptors (FDA, 2018). Kratom and its alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are known for their opioid-like and stimulant effects (Kruegel and Grundmann 2018) which are dose dependent. Kratom demonstrates stimulant effects at lower doses and sedative-like effects at higher doses (Babu, McCurdy, and Boyer 2008). Although considered an opioid, the pharmacology of mitragynine is distinctly different from that of classical opioids such as morphine, heroin, or fentanyl which are full agonists at opioid receptors. While acting on the on the mu (μ), kappa (κ), and delta (δ) opioid receptors, Mitragynine has affinity primarily for μ-opioid receptors as a partial agonist with potency similar to that of buprenorphine, which is also a potent partial opioid receptor agonist (Kruegel et al. 2016).
Kratom Withdrawal: A Systematic Review with Case Series
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2019
Cornel N. Stanciu, Samantha A. Gnanasegaram, Saeed Ahmed, Thomas Penders
Kratom leaves have been analyzed and over 25 indole alkaloids were found possessing antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and muscle relaxant properties (Suhaimi et al. 2016). The predominant active constituents are mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. There are well-documented agonists at the opioid receptors both in vivo and in vitro (Takayama 2004; Takayama et al. 2002). A competitive binding study demonstrated mitragynine’s highest affinity at kappa receptors, followed by mu and delta (Apryani et al. 2009). At the mu receptors, they act as partial agonists just like buprenorphine, while at the kappa receptors they are antagonists with much greater affinity. Animal studies suggest that potency might exceed that of morphine (Chien, Odonkor, and Amorapanth 2017). Some animal studies also show that mitragynine may be involved in noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways, and stimulate post-synaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and inhibit 5-H2A receptors (Babu, McCurdy, and Boyer 2008; Matsumoto et al. 2004).
Safety and biological activity evaluation of Uncaria rhynchophylla ethanolic extract
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Heung Bin Lim, Hyeong Ryeol Lee
The characteristic components of UR are indole alkaloids: rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, corynoxeine, and isocorynoxeine. It has also been reported that these four alkaloids are found not only in UR, but also in some Uncaria genus plants, including U. macrophylla and U. sinensis (Zhang et al. 2015). As mentioned above, various biological activities related to the indole alkaloid of UR have been reported. Although no studies have been conducted on the antimutagenic activity of UR, few studies have investigated its antioxidative activity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the safety of UR, to investigate its antimutagenic and antioxidative activities, and to presume the components responsible for these activities.