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Meat
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Measuring carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes—Chapter 1 defined an isotope—in mummy hair, skin, bones, and teeth, Touzeau and colleagues confirmed Egypt’s constancy, noting that elite diets changed little over 4,000 years.59 They inferred from the 13C to 12C ratio in hair, skin, bones, and teeth that the wealthy consumed between one-tenth and half their protein from animals, an amount that resembles ovo-lacto-vegetarians’ protein intake from animal sources.60 (Chapter 1defined vegetarianism’s types.) In other words, dairy and eggs might have been wealthy Egyptians’ only animal products.
Cryptosporidium spp
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
With access to the proper source of chicken embryos, the in ovo cultivation system can be manipulated for use in screening candidate therapeutic agents. It has been disappointing, however, that this method of cultivation has not resulted in a system for obtaining large numbers of purified parasites, free from the bacteria and other intestinal contaminants associated with C. parvum grown in laboratory animals. Most oocysts of C. parvum were retained in cells of the CAM and were not released into the allantoic fluid. Numerous attempts to recover purified oocysts from infected CAM tissues have been somewhat disappointing.
The “foetus-as-citizen”
Published in Nadia Maria Filippini, Clelia Boscolo, Pregnancy, Delivery, Childbirth, 2020
A real revolution, destined to have profound repercussions beyond medicine, had swept through the field of reproduction in the last decades of the 17th century, bringing new theories to the fore. In the wake of the Scientific Revolution, free from the ideological boundaries of ancient authors and also thanks to the new optical lenses, scientists had finally “seen” what not even dissections had allowed to fully grasp until that moment, namely that a woman’s body was not a reversed mirror image of a man’s: the ovaries were not the internal “testicles” and, above all, they produced eggs (hence their new name).1 There followed the intuition that these eggs might play a central role in reproduction, as physician William Harvey strongly suggested (ex ovo omnia).2 The ancient Hippocratic-Aristotelian theories of generation that had lasted for thousands of years, going through different philosophical and scientific approaches, began to be questioned in an atmosphere of heated debates, new scientific theories and experiments carried out on animals which included vivisections, in order to discover the secrets of human reproduction.3
Determination of the LD50 with the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as a promising alternative in nanotoxicological evaluation
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Christoph Raphael Buhr, Jonas Eckrich, Martin Kluenker, Kai Bruns, Nadine Wiesmann, Wolfgang Tremel, Jürgen Brieger
Kue et al. have described the determination of the LD50 value for toxicological analysis of chemotherapeutic agents 48 h after intravascular application using the CAM assay (Kue et al. 2015). Since the CAM assay allows a recurrent observation it has further been combined with other toxicity tests to address questions regarding the effect of test substances on angiogenesis (Dehelean et al. 2013). Furthermore, intravascular circulation profiles of NPs have previously been investigated with the CAM assay (Smith et al. 2007; Cho et al. 2011; Vu et al. 2018). In essence, in ovo experimentation allows a variety of tests ranging from time-dependent measurements by in vivo microscopy to the end-point analyses such as determination of the distribution profiles of nanoparticles and immunohistochemical staining of organs following exposure (Smith et al. 2007; Cho et al. 2011; Zielinska et al. 2012; Prasek et al. 2013; Sawosz et al. 2014; Vu et al. 2018).
Inhibition of neovascularisation in human endothelial cells using anti NRP-1 nanobody fused to truncated form of diphtheria toxin as a novel immunotoxin
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Shamsi Naderi, Reyhaneh Roshan, Mahdi Behdani, Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
Anti-angiogenic activity of αNRP1 IT was assayed on CAM model as described previously [19,32]. Briefly, fertilized chicken eggs were incubated at 37 °C with a relative humidity of 70% for six days. After incubation, the contents of the egg with the embryo were carefully transferred into the petri dish under sterile conditions (ex ovo). The transfer of the contents was done so that the embryo was located on the intact yolk. Following this procedure, the embryo and the blood vessels were totally visible on the surface and can be simply accessed by the drug. Next, sterilized paper disks were saturated with increasing concentrations of αNRP1 IT (0–5 nM), or αNRP1 as a positive control or H39Nb or truncated DT or PBS as negative controls and placed on top of the blood vessels. The petri dish was transferred into the incubator for 48 h. Finally, the blood vessels’ density was compared qualitatively with the control group [19,32].
Toxicity evaluation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles reveals neuronal loss in chicken embryo
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Shweta Patel, Sarmita Jana, Rajlakshmi Chetty, Sonal Thakore, Man Singh, Ranjitsinh Devkar
Fertilized eggs of White leghorn (Gallus gallus domesticus) were obtained from Shakti hatcheries, Sarsa, Gujarat, India. Fertilized eggs (55 ± 2.1 g) were stored for 2 days at 12 °C and then incubated (Bright technologies Inc., Ahmedabad, India) under standard conditions for 48 h in IAEC approved animal house and guidelines of Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) were hereby followed. Candling was done to confirm the fertility of eggs and unfertile eggs were discarded. Fertilized eggs were randomly divided into 7 groups of 16 eggs/group, namely control (untreated), placebo (treated with saline), and treated with IONs (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml doses). IONs powder was subjected to UV radiation for 20 min, suspended in saline (1 mg/ml) and sonicated (LMUC-4, Labman scientific instruments Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata, India) for 30 min. Fertilized eggs (12 HH stage) of white leghorn were injected (inside a laminar air flow) with IONs (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml). Test samples were injected in ovo (0.3 ml/egg in airspace) using sterile 1 ml tuberculin syringe and incubated under standard conditions. At the end of 17 days of incubation (19 day old embryo; HH stage 45), embryos were assessed for mortality and possible developmental deformity.