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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Idoxuridine is an ophthalmic antiviral agent used primarily for the treatment of herpes simplex eye infections. No adequately controlled scientific studies in humans are published. Idoxuridine was associated with both eye and skeletal malformations in the offspring of pregnant rabbits who received this local antiviral agent in usual human doses (Itoi et al., 1975).
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Idoxuridine is a iodinated analog of deoxyuridine, with antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and potential radiosensitizing activities. In chemical structure idoxuridine closely approximates the configuration of thymidine, one of the four building blocks of DNA, the genetic material of the Herpes virus. As a result, idoxuridine is able to replace thymidine in the enzymatic step of viral replication or ‘growth’. The consequent production of faulty DNA results in a pseudostructure which cannot infect or destroy tissue. Idoxuridine is indicated for use in keratoconjunctivitis and keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus. Formerly, the drug has been used in ointments and creams for the treatment of herpes labialis (cold sore), but these were soon found to be ineffective (1).
Iodine is needed to maintain health
Published in Tatsuo Kaiho, Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Idoxuridine is an antivirus ophthalmic solution and is generally used as a therapeutic drug for keratitis occurring resulting from inflammation due to viral infection. Levothyroxine is the oldest iodine-containing drug used as a thyroid hormone agent. There are two types of thyroid hormones, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). T3 activity is said to be several times stronger than T4 (see Section 17) [44].
The discovery of novel antivirals for the treatment of mpox: is drug repurposing the answer?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Ahmed A. Ezat, Jameel M. Abduljalil, Ahmed M. Elghareib, Ahmed Samir, Abdo A. Elfiky
Idoxuridine is the first antiviral drug to gain approval in June 1963 for human use. Indeed, it was originally described as an antitumor agent. Still, later studies found that it competes with thymidine for incorporation into the newly synthesized DNA and subsequently inhibits viral DNA polymerase [44]. Additionally, the 4´-thio derivative of idoxuridine was found to retain its antiviral activity against viral strains resistant to cidofovir or tecovirimat [45]. This compound is believed to require viral thymidine kinases for activation purposes. In mice models intranasally infected with the vaccinia virus or cowpox virus, the 4´-thio derivative of idoxuridine showed 87% survival for a dose of 1.5 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally twice a day beginning three days after infection [44].
Biologics for dengue prevention: up-to-date
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Adam T Waickman, Krista Newell, Timothy P Endy, Stephen J Thomas
The first antiviral drug approved in 1963 was idoxuridine, a topical ophthalmic agent for herpes simplex keratitis [87]. Since then, 90 antiviral drugs have been approved for 9 human viral infectious pathogens. In the last several decades there have been significant advances made in antiviral drug development against chronic viral infections such as hepatis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) [88]. The impact these drugs have made on the long-term survival from HIV and in the case of HCV, curative, has been dramatic. Antiviral drug development has primarily targeted a specific pathway of viral replication and development. As intracellular pathogens, common mechanisms for viral replication and hence a target for potential therapeutic intervention include inhibitors against viral entry, viral protease, polymerase and integrase enzymes, transcriptase, and nucleoside analogs. The challenges for antiviral drug development are many and include a high rate of genetic changes that occurs in viruses with subsequent development of antiviral resistance, viral latency and thus not susceptible to antivirals, and lack of specificity of antiviral drugs to viral targets and instead targeting host cellular pathways which can result in unacceptable toxicities and inadequate pharmacokinetics. The equally important challenge to antiviral drug development is cost. Estimates for bringing a new drug to licensure and available to the public range from $500 to $2,000 million US dollars [89].