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Role of Histone Methyltransferase in Breast Cancer
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Surekha Manhas, Zaved Ahmed Khan
IFN-γ produced through lymphocytes are critical for providing immunity against various intracellular damage-causing pathogens, specifically including parasites, viruses, bacteria, and protozoan [65]. Strikingly, G9a’s absence in lymphocytes has shown no noticeable effect for in vivo/in vitro studies, the magnitude of development of Th1 cell-based responses [15]. No observable difference was noticed in the frequency of the Th1 cell that developed during activation of wild-type T cells or G9a-deficient T-cell activation in the presence of G9a-dependent specific inhibitors under the specific Th1 cell-based promoting conditions [15]. Thus, G9a is dispensable in the regulation of Th1 cell-based responses.
In Vitro Tests for Adverse Drug Reactions Based on Cytokine Release
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
Recently, Halevy et al.76 analyzed the in vitro drug-induced release of IFN-γ, compared to MIF release, in 47 patients suffering from various forms of cutaneous drug reactions, induced by a variety of drugs. The IFN-γ test technique involved culture of lymphocytes for 24 hours in test tubes containing phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and each drug, or with medium alone (containing 15% FCS). Unmodified drugs, dissolved in the appropriate solvents, were used. Following incubation the supernatants were collected for the detection of IFN-γ release using the ELISA technique. A positive IFN-γ test response was determined as the mean percentage increase of IFN-γ in controls + 2 S.D. The sensitivity and specificity of the IFN-γ test (57% and 92%, respectively), were similar to the sensitivity and specificity of the MIF test (55% and 96%, respectively). Furthermore, a similar percentage of positive IFN-γ test responses and of positive MIF responses for suspected drugs tested was recorded. There was no evident correlation between positive responses and specific drugs. Positive IFN-γ and MIF responses for two or more drugs were recorded in 14.9% and 12.8% of the patients, respectively.
Gene Therapy for Lung Cancer
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
Choon Taek Lee, David P. Carbone
Interferon-y produced by activated T-cells can modulate the immune response in a number of ways. IFN-γ can induce MHC class I and II molecules, which will increase the presentation of antigen on the cell surface and can induce the activation of macrophages (30). Low expression of MHC molecules on tumor cells is one postulated mechanism by which tumors escape from host immune surveillance. Increased expression of MHC molecules by IFN-γ should increase the presentation of tumor-specific antigens and assist the induction of antigen-specific CTL. Transduction of a weakly immunogenic tumor (CMS-5) by retrovirus IFN-γ induced the abrogation of tumorigenicity and persistent and specific antitumor immunity against the unmodified CMS-5 challenge (31). The effect of IFN-γ has also been demonstrated in the 3LL mouse lung cancer model. Retroviral IFN-γ gene insertion into poorly immunogenic 3LL-D122 showed a significant decrease in tumorigenicity and metastatic potential, and induced tumor-specific CTL when modified tumor cells were injected after irradiation (32).
Protective effects of Nostoc sphaeroides Kütz against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and oxidative stress in mice
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Yuanyuan Li, Junguo Ma, Qian Fang, Tingting Guo, Xiaoyu Li
Cytokines are a major player in host health and disease, which play important roles in cell-cell communication in the immune system are responsible for the preservation or restoration of homeostasis via coordination of lymphoid, hematopoietic, and inflammatory cells (Rosejohn 2002), specifically in host responses to infection, inflammation, and cancer (Dinarello 1992). IL-2 plays a key role not only in stimulating differentiation and activation of CTL and NK cells, but also promoting proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes (Liao et al. 2011). IL-4 was secreted by Th2 cells, which promote humoral or allergic responses (Constant and Bottomly 1997). IFN-γ is a crucial pleiotropic pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokine, and it can rapidly activate macrophages, resulting in enhancement of the immune response (Nakamura et al. 1984). In the present study, the levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ in mice serum were notably reduced by CY, while Nostoc abolished these effects, which were in agreement with previous reports in which polysaccharides exposure significant augment of those cytokines levels in immunocompromised mice (Chen et al. 2010). IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in Nostoc treated mice were generally increased, implying that Nostoc promote immune cell proliferation and differentiation.
Mycophenolate mofetil enhances the effects of tacrolimus on the inhibitory function of regulatory T cells in patients after liver transplantation via PD-1 and TIGIT receptors
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Qiang Zeng, Xiaoye Yuan, Jinglin Cao, Xin Zhao, Yang Wang, Baowang Liu, Wenpeng Liu, Zhijun Zhu, Jian Dou
Inflammatory cytokines are reliable markers of T-cell activation. Many studies have measured the levels of inflammatory factors such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, as these cytokines reflect Tregs function. TNF-α is produced by tumor cells but also by individual sub populations of cells during the effector phase including T and NK cells as effector cells. It plays an important role in angiogenesis and inflammation [29]. IFN-γ is one of the most important regulators of both immunity and inflammation. High levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α can harm grafts, thereby leading to organ rejection. A high level of TNF-α was detected in cases of kidney and heart transplant rejection, but not in cases of graft survival [30]. Another study reported that the peripheral blood levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α significantly increased in patients with hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation [31]. We found that the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α decreased as the ratio of Tregs to Teffs increased. The levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in Tacrolimus + MMF group were lower than those in Tacrolimus and control groups. After the addition of both anti-PD-1 and anti-TIGIT, the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α increased, with Tacrolimus + MMF group showing the highest cytokine levels. The changes in the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in Tacrolimus + MMF group were significantly greater than those in Tacrolimus and control groups. These results suggest that Tacrolimus and MMF can affect the Tregs function by synergistically affecting PD-1 and TIGIT.
Double-edged effects of interferons on the regulation of cancer-immunity cycle
Published in OncoImmunology, 2021
Xiao Zhang, Song Wang, Yuanyuan Zhu, Minghui Zhang, Yan Zhao, Zhengbin Yan, Qiuxu Wang, Xiaobo Li
Finally, IFNs are involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression by inducing inflammation, which is one of the hallmarks of cancer and closely intertwined with cancer development. IFN-γ is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and is associated with a group of inflammation-related diseases of the digestive tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis,232 which are important risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC), a typical inflammation-related cancer. Kobelt et al. also demonstrated that IFN-γ, accompanied with TNF-α, promote the growth and metastasis of colon cancer cells (HCT 116) by enhancing the expression of the MACC1 gene, a crucial oncogene involved in CRC metastasis.233 In addition to CRC, IFN-γ also promotes metastasis of pancreatic cancer, another type of inflammation-related cancer. It has been reported that IFN-γ administration promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing the expression of vimentin and reducing the expression of E-cadherin in a dose-dependent manner.199 However, in other studies, IFN-β and IFN-γ have been reported to suppress metastasis of human astroglioma and fibrosarcoma cell lines by suppressing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), the enzyme undermining ECM promoting malignant cell spreading.234 These paradoxical results suggest that the effects of IFN-γ on cancer progression may be diverse in different cancer types.