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Whitening, Therapeutic Esthetics, and Oral Health Improvement
Published in Linda Greenwall, Tooth Whitening Techniques, 2017
The most commonly used formulation is 10% carbamide peroxide; however, a lower concentration formulation, called Carbamide Plus, e.g., Novon Mild, has been developed. Its concentration of carbamide is 5%, and it is a three- component system. It contains hydrogen peroxide, urea, and sodium tripolyphosphate (Hyland et al. 2015). It is postulated that this increased whitening efficiency is the result of a marked increase in local pH on dilution, which destabilizes the hydrogen peroxide and expedites the whitening process.
A novel technique to evaluate nail softening effects of different urea formulations
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Hiep X. Nguyen, Yujin Kim, Tejas D. Kekatpure, Emily Lesica, Ajay K. Banga
Multiple approaches have been employed to disrupt this barrier such as physical enhancement technologies and chemical penetration enhancers. Physical techniques include iontophoresis, acid etching, pulsed laser/carbon dioxide laser, microporation, electroporation, UV-light, photodynamic therapy, low-frequency ultrasound (sonophoresis) (Saner et al. 2014), partial or total nail avulsion (Baran and Coquard 2005), nail abrasion (Chiacchio et al. 2003), and controlled nail trephination (Salter et al. 2006). Chemical enhancers have been found effective in altering the physicochemical properties and increasing the permeability of the nail plate. These enhancers disturb the disulphide bridges in keratin molecules and degrade the keratin in the nail structure. Several chemical penetration enhancers have been previously studied including N-acetylcysteine, mercaptoethanol, thioglycolic acid, cysteine, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine, hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, sodium sulphite, keratinase, 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane, and keratolytic agents (papain, urea, and salicylic acid) (Chouhan and Saini 2012). Among all chemical enhancers, urea stands out as a prominent compound to effectively disrupt the nail plate barrier and significantly increase the transunugual delivery of several therapeutic agents. Urea (a denaturing keratolytic, hydrating, and softening agent) works by promoting unfolding, solubilization, and dissociation of protein molecules, thus facilitate the cleavage of the disulphide linkages and aggravate the disruption to the nail plate barrier, subsequently enhancing transungual drug permeation (Baran and Coquard 2005).
Efficacy and safety of topical treatments for seborrheic keratoses: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2023
Nicole Natarelli, Amanda Krenitsky, Kerry Hennessy, Sarah Moore, James Grichnik
Studies comparing topical treatment to a control solution observed statistically significant differences in outcome measure, except for once-daily application of calcipotriene 0.005% and tazarotene 0.1% cream, imiquimod 5% (17), and Lac-Hydrin (29). All studies directly comparing topical treatment to cryotherapy found cryotherapy to be more effective. Topical hydrogen peroxide, urea-containing solutions, and acid-based solutions were not directly compared to standard therapy.